Skip to main content
Download PDF

Navigation programs relevant for African American men with prostate cancer: a scoping review protocol

Systematic Reviews volume 11, Article number: 122 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The excess incidence and mortality due to prostate cancer that impacts African American men constitutes the largest of all cancer disparities. Patient navigation is a patient-centered healthcare system intervention to eliminate barriers to timely, high-quality care across the cancer continuum and improves health outcomes among vulnerable patients. However, little is known regarding the extent to which navigation programs include cultural humility to address prostate cancer disparities among African American men. We present a scoping review protocol of an in-depth examination of navigation programs in prostate cancer care—including navigation activities/procedures, training, and management—with a special focus on cultural context and humility for African American men to achieve health equity.

Methods

We will conduct comprehensive searches of the literature in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CINAHL Complete, using keywords and index terms (Mesh and Emtree) within the three main themes: prostate cancer, patient navigation, and African American men. We will also conduct a search of the gray literature, hand-searching, and reviewing references of included papers and conference abstracts. In a two-phase approach, two authors will independently screen titles and abstracts, and full-text based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. All study designs will be included that present detailed data about the elements of navigation programs, including intervention content, navigator training, and/or management. Data will be extracted from included studies, and review findings will be synthesized and summarized.

Discussion

A scoping review focused on cultural humility in patient navigation within the context of eliminating disparities in PCa care among African American men does not yet exist. This review will synthesize existing evidence of patient navigation programs for African American prostate cancer patients and the inclusion of cultural humility. Results will inform the development and implementation of future programs to meet the unique needs of vulnerable prostate cancer patients in safety net settings.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO 2021 CRD42021221412

Peer Review reports

Background

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer among men in the United States of America (USA) [1]. The greatest cancer disparity is the gap in PCa incidence, aggressiveness, and mortality impacting African American men. African American men have a 76% higher incidence [1, 2], are more likely to be diagnosed with aggressive disease, and have more than twice the mortality due to PCa compared with White men [2,3,4]. In part, this is due to disparities in their receipt of definitive treatment [4, 5] and the fact that they experience greater treatment delays compared with White men [6, 7]. It is also no coincidence that African American men are over-represented in the low-resource healthcare settings where PCa disparities in the quality of care are most pronounced (e.g., public hospitals/clinics, “safety net”) [8,9,10,11]. Furthermore, poor communication [12, 13], implicit bias, and well-founded medical mistrust given historical context and personal experiences have an impact on variability in quality of care [14,15,16].

Patient navigation is an evidence-based intervention that can help reduce racial/ethnic disparities in cancer care [17, 18]. Launched in 1995 in Harlem, New York, patient navigation was developed by Dr. Harold Freeman to reduce health disparities among low-income African American women with an abnormal breast screening [19, 20]. Since its first use, researchers and healthcare professionals have broadened the practice across the cancer continuum to include cancer prevention, detection, diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship [21]. Navigation has been shown to eliminate disparities in delays in diagnostic resolution [17, 22,23,24,25] and treatment initiation and adherence [17, 26, 27], improve patient-centered communication, care coordination [28], and clinical outcomes [29].

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) implemented the Patient Navigation Research Program to address the need for standardization of navigation programs across health systems [30] and defines patient navigation as support and guidance offered to vulnerable persons with abnormal screening or a cancer diagnosis, with the goal of overcoming barriers to timely and effective diagnosis and treatment [30]. Notably, navigators are well-positioned to provide and improve cancer care within the context of cultural humility given their role as liaison between patients and providers [31]. Cultural humility takes a learning-oriented approach (curiosity and self-reflection over mastery) to working with people from diverse cultural backgrounds and emphasizes recognition of patients’ cultural perspectives as equally valid, and critical reflection on how systemic issues and power dynamics impact health care [32,33,34]. Honoring patients’ cultural values and lived experiences can shift power dynamics and make patients feel more welcomed and open to engage in healthcare [35]. Patient navigation programs can enact cultural humility through navigator training that emphasizes cultural sensitivity, openness, and appreciation of diverse perspectives of the patient population, and challenges within the healthcare system that disadvantage certain groups, including racism and implicit bias [36]. Navigation programs can also be culturally tailored, in which navigators are racially and linguistically matched to patients, as peers from one’s racial/ethnic group, age group, and/or gender that serve as sources of credible information. However, there is a dearth of published data on detailed components of patient navigation programs that include cultural context in content and training to meet the unique needs of specific racial/ethnic populations. While we identified an article that reviewed navigation from a culturally centered approach to address general cancer disparities [37] and another review article that examined metrics for cultural competency in navigation in lung cancer [38], to our knowledge, there are no scoping reviews focused on patient navigation in PCa care that examines cultural context for eliminating disparities among African American men.

Aim and objectives

We aim to conduct a scoping review that examines navigation programs among African American men facing PCa from screening through survivorship, to uncover specific components and processes of navigation, including cultural humility to meet the unique needs of this underserved population, and how navigation is used to address disparities in quality of care. We will explore the following programmatic characteristics: (a) types of navigators—nurse, lay, peer, etc.; (b) navigators’ background and training; (c) managing navigators—who and how; (d) navigation activities/protocol; and (e) impact and outcomes measured. Results from this review will inform the development and implementation of an intervention protocol and training curriculum for peer navigation in safety net settings for African American men newly diagnosed with PCa.

Methods/design

Our team will conduct a scoping review to identify published articles regarding navigation for African American men with PCa to explore details of cultural tailoring in navigation protocols, training of navigators, and measured outcomes. We chose a scoping review over a systematic review given our objective to examine the scope of relevant literature and inform practice of future patient navigation programs for African American men facing PCa [39]. This protocol was prepared in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocol (PRISMA-P) statement for standardized reporting (see PRISMA-P checklist) [40] and the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) [41]. This protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42021221412) [42], although not required for scoping reviews [39].

Eligibility criteria

All types of study designs will be included in this review. We will include studies of adult (18 years and older) males facing PCa. While we are focused on African American men, studies with other racial/ethnic groups will be considered for inclusion if at least 30% of participants were African American/Black men. Studies that describe or investigate navigation programs or interventions for PCa from screening through survivorship will also be eligible. We define navigation programs and interventions as any formal or informal, structured process designed to help patients overcome barriers to timely and effective health care [18, 43]. For example, navigation programs engage trained advocates (navigators) to interface with patients to identify and remove barriers to completing follow-up for cancer-related care, enhance patient-provider interactions, and reduce risk of lost to follow-up, including but not limited to keeping scheduled appointments, assessing understanding, arranging financial support, and adhering to treatment modalities [18, 44]. Studies must outline navigation intervention methods or specific details on program development, content, type of navigators and their training, management, implementation, or evaluation processes. We will assess outcome measures used in studies based on NCI Patient Navigation Research Methods [30], including but not limited to time to completion of diagnosis, time to initiation of primary treatment, patient satisfaction and quality of life, cost effectiveness, time to treatment completion, quality of care, navigator characteristics, and task and social network analysis. Studies will be excluded if the program or intervention (1) is designed for non-cancer conditions, (2) does not include at least 30% African American/Black adult men, (3) focuses solely on education or awareness, and (4) is focused on a population outside of the USA.

Data sources and search strategy

To identify published literature, we will conduct a comprehensive search of the following electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CINAHL Complete. All publication dates will be included through June 2022 (our anticipated end search date). To identify gray literature (information produced outside traditional publishing and distribution channels—e.g., reports, white papers, etc.), the authors will hand search reference lists of included articles, conference abstracts, and conduct specialized Google searches. We will attempt to contact the corresponding author for conference abstracts found to get access to detailed information and results presented when no corresponding peer-reviewed publication is found. Abstracts and other gray literature will be excluded if no results or detailed information is obtained. Our biomedical research librarian (PT) developed search hedges along these three themes: PCa, peer navigation, and African American men. The peer navigation theme was expanded with terms encompassing community outreach, health disparities, community-based research, communication, education, health knowledge, decision making, and more. We used both keywords and index terms (Mesh and Emtree) in the construction of our searches. Complete search strategies for all databases are listed in Table 1. Our searches of the gray literature will comprise hand-searching and reviewing references from papers included in the final set of articles selected for our review. We will also review conference abstracts found in Embase for trends, background information, and the potential studies not yet published.

Table 1 Literature search strategy by databases
Full size table

Citations from the aforementioned databases will be collated, organized, and exported to the online Zotero bibliography management tool that can be shared among team members. Duplicates will be identified and removed. Remaining citations will move forward to the study selection process.

Data screening and selection

Three team members (ANS, BAC, and GA) will independently review and screen articles for the study selection process based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria in a two-step process. One reviewer (ANS) will screen all of the articles, and two additional reviewers (BAC and GA) will screen 50% of the articles each. First, two members will independently review article titles and abstracts, to assess eligibility of the articles against the inclusion criteria, and will note inclusion for further review or reason for exclusion. All marginally relevant articles and those that do not contain enough information to determine eligibility (e.g., no available abstract) will be retained. For phase II, two members (ANS, BAC, or GA) will independently review the full text of articles, noting inclusion or reason for exclusion based on our criteria. For both phases, the two reviewers will discuss decisions and any discrepancies to reach consensus. When consensus cannot be reached, outstanding conflicts will be resolved by a third reviewer (NRP or TMF) who has extensive experience in conducting reviews relevant to cancer care [45,46,47,48,49,50]. Reasons for exclusion will be documented, and all selection procedures will conform to the PRIMSA-ScR guidance [41]. Figure 1 presents a draft flow diagram that outlines our planned search and screening procedures.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Outline of PRISMA 2020 flow diagram of the selection process. PRISMA: preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Full size image

Data extraction

Prior to data extraction, three independent reviewers (ANS, BAC, and GA) will pilot test five included articles and refine our data extraction form based on their feedback. This will also enable us to develop clear instructions to ensure relevant results are extracted and all reviewers understand the data extraction process. We will build an electronic database for our data extraction form using REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture)—a secure, web-based system supported by our institution for building and managing research projects, such as building databases, collecting data, and data validation [51]. Each reviewer (ANS, BAC, and GA) will complete data extraction on approximately 33% of the included articles (i.e., total number of included articles spilt amongst the three reviewers). To assess accuracy and comprehensiveness of data extraction, a second reviewer will conduct spot checks on at least 20% of the included articles. Any discrepancies found during data extraction will be resolved with team discussions and consensus, and a third reviewer (NRP or TMF) if needed. Based on the extent of disagreements identified, we will extend spot checks to a larger subset of studies.

We will extract data based on metrics set by the NCI Patient Navigation Research Program [30] and knowledge of existing patient navigation programs [23, 52,53,54] and include the full reference (author name, year of publication), study aims/objectives and design, conceptual framework/theory used, geographic location and setting, target population (participant characteristics, sample size, and phase of cancer continuum—e.g., screening, diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship), description of the intervention/navigation program (type of navigator, format, barriers addressed), data collection methods and outcomes, navigator training and management (recruitment, content, duration), and cultural context (see Table 2 for details). We will assess the inclusion of cultural context, guided by the PEN-3 model [55] and principles of cultural humility [32, 34, 56]. The PEN-3 cultural model places culture at the centerpiece of health beliefs, behaviors, and health outcomes, and framing solutions to health problems. PEN-3 consists of three primary domains and three PEN factors within each: (1) cultural identity [person, extended family, neighborhood], (2) relationships and expectations [perceptions, enablers, and nurturers], and (3) cultural empowerment [55] [positive, existential, and negative]. Cultural identity highlights the target audience or intervention points of entry (e.g., PCa survivor, nurse, community). Relationships and expectations highlight attitudes and beliefs of one’s social network that support or hinder health behaviors and health decisions. Cultural empowerment highlights cultural beliefs and practices that have positive, neutral/harmless, or negative health consequences. The PEN-3 model will guide the extraction of key words related to integrating culturally relevant factors to develop navigation programs—for example, how programs were shaped and messages clarified. Additionally, some concepts necessary for cultural humility include, but are not limited to, creating a safe environment that is respectful and nurturing; integrating humanities curricula (e.g., history of medicine, navigation, lessons learned, etc.); collaborating with community-based/public health experts; and understanding the role of language in patient-provider relationships [34]. Data extraction will include an iterative process, constant comparison, and synthesis of data to identify and categorize common themes that emerge that are aligned with the PEN-3 model and other relevant cultural aspects. For reconciliation of missing data in included studies, we will attempt to contact the corresponding author.

Table 2 Example data elements for data extraction
Full size table

Assessment of methodological quality

Two reviewers (ANS, BAC, or GA) will independently assess study quality and risk of bias using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) [57]—a tool that includes one set of items for critical appraisal of methodological quality designed for systematic reviews of mixed studies (quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods). Each item of the MMAT is rated on a categorical scale (yes, no, and cannot tell) and then “yes” will be counted (1 point) to provide an overall score from rating the five criterion per study design. Scores will be converted to percentages to grade quality of evidence: (i) ≤50% represents low-quality evidence, (ii) 50–75% represents average-quality evidence, and (iii) 76–100% represents high-quality evidence. We will also complete a descriptive summary using MMAT criteria to be more informative of the criterion, as recommended by MMAT developers [57]. Researchers have reported that the MMAT was easy to use, comprehensive, quick, short, and accessible online [58]. The MMAT is a useful tool for assessment quality given the heterogeneity of study designs we will include in this scoping review. As noted in data screening and extraction, disagreements between to two reviewers (ANS, BAC, or GA) will be resolved through discussion to reach consensus, and if necessary, a third reviewer (NRP or TMF) will resolve persistent disagreements.

Data analysis/synthesis

We will report this scoping review following the PRIMSA-ScR format, which includes a checklist of 27 essential items for transparent reporting [41, 59]. In anticipation of heterogenous, quantitative, qualitative, and observational data, we will tabulate and present data in a narrative format that reflects our study objectives. Data will be organized by categories of navigation at different stages of disease, description of navigation models and elements, cultural tailoring, description of navigation training and management, and measures of outcome and impact. We will also discuss implications for future research and practice implications to eliminate disparities in PCa care among African American men.

Discussion

Culturally tailored patient navigation provides a viable solution to the unique systemic problems faced by African American/Black men with PCa within the healthcare system. Previous reviews have investigated patient navigation programs for underserved populations across the cancer care continuum, noting more research is needed beyond screening and diagnosis, and outside of breast and colorectal cancers [27]. Furthermore, few reviews having taken a culturally centered approach to identify and examine how navigation models shape programs within the context of cultural humility and tailoring [37]. Our review will comprehensively synthesize existing navigation programs culturally tailored for African American men with PCa, filling a contemporary gap in the literature. By reviewing navigation interventions across the cancer continuum, we offer insight into culturally informed and tailored designs, training methods, implementation, and the effectiveness of navigation programs. Results will provide guidance for those contemplating developing, testing, and implementing future interventions and real-world programs to improve access to high-quality cancer care and achieve health equity.

We will disseminate findings from this scoping review via institutional and community partnerships, local and national presentations, and a peer-reviewed publication. We plan to utilize findings to inform expansion of our public hospital’s current cancer navigation program, led by a team member (BC). We will prepare presentations for (a) patients and community members within our networks (e.g., our PCa support group and community network of PCa advocates), (b) health care providers engaged in PCa care (e.g., institutional PCa symposiums and cancer center meetings), and (c) local and national scientific meetings (e.g., Academy of Oncology Nurse & Patient Navigators Conference or the American Association for Cancer Research – The Science of Cancer Health Disparities). Similarly, we will share findings with cancer-relevant community-based initiatives, such as the San Francisco Cancer Initiative—a cross-sector coalition to reduce cancer disparities [60, 61]. We will also seek guidance from our research team’s advisory board of PCa survivors to enhance our proposed dissemination plan (e.g., how and where to disseminate review findings) and to develop a future peer navigation program. We also anticipate building upon our existing partnerships to guide opportunities for future collaborations with various community-based organizations, such as African American fraternities, for more wide-spread implementation of a navigation training manual and navigation protocol for PCa care among African American men. These efforts will enhance the development of future interventions and real-world navigation programs to achieve health equity.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study will be available in another published article.

References

  1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2021. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2021.

    Google Scholar 

  2. American Cancer Society. Cancer fact & figures for African Americans 2019-2021. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015: Cancer Statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(1):5–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Chornokur G, Dalton K, Borysova ME, Kumar NB. Disparities at presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and survival in African American men, affected by prostate cancer. Prostate. 2011;71:985–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Presley CJ, Raldow AC, Cramer LD, Soulos PR, Long JB, Yu JB, et al. A new approach to understanding racial disparities in prostate cancer treatment. J Geriatr Oncol. 2013;4:1–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Jayadevappa R, Chhatre S, Johnson JC, Malkowicz SB. Variation in quality of care among older men with localized prostate cancer. Cancer. 2011;117:2520–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Stokes WA, Hendrix LH, Royce TJ, Allen IM, Godley PA, Wang AZ, et al. Racial differences in time from prostate cancer diagnosis to treatment initiation: a population-based study. Cancer. 2013;119:2486–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ziehr DR, Mahal BA, Aizer AA, Hyatt AS, Beard CJ, et al. Income inequality and treatment of African American men with high-risk prostate cancer. Urol Oncol. 2015;33:18.e7–18.e13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Varkey AB. Separate and unequal: clinics where minority and nonminority patients receive primary care. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:243.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Pollack CE, Bekelman J, Epstein AJ, Liao KJ, Wong YN, Armstrong K. Racial disparities in changing to a high-volume urologist among men with localized prostate cancer. Med Care. 2001;49:999–1006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Trinh Q-D, Sun M, Sammon J, Bianchi M, Sukumar S, Ghani KR, et al. Disparities in access to care at high-volume institutions for uro-oncologic procedures: utilization of High-Volume Institutions. Cancer. 2012;118:4421–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Chawla N, Blanch-Hartigan D, Virgo KS, Ekwueme DU, Han X, Forsythe L, et al. Quality of patient-provider communication among cancer survivors: findings from a nationally representative sample. J Oncol Pract. 2016;12:e964–73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Song L, Weaver MA, Chen RC, Bensen JT, Fontham E, Mohler JL, et al. Associations between patient–provider communication and socio-cultural factors in prostate cancer patients: a cross-sectional evaluation of racial differences. Patient Educ Couns. 2014;97:339–46.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Halbert CH, Weathers B, Delmoor E, Mahler B, Coyne J, Thompson HS, et al. Racial differences in medical mistrust among men diagnosed with prostate cancer. Cancer. 2009;115:2553–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kinlock BL, Parker LJ, Bowie JV, Howard DL, LaVeist TA, Thorpe RJ Jr. High levels of medical mistrust are associated with low quality of life among Black and White men with prostate cancer. Cancer Control. 2017;24:72–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Moore AD, Hamilton JB, Knafl GJ, Godley PA, Carpenter WR, Bensen JT, et al. The influence of mistrust, racism, religious participation, and access to care on patient satisfaction for African American men: the North Carolina-Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project. J Natl Med Assoc. 2013;105:59–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Freund KM, Battaglia TA, Calhoun E, Darnell JS, Dudley DJ, Fiscella K, et al. Impact of patient navigation on timely cancer care: the Patient Navigation Research Program. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106:dju115.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Paskett ED, Harrop JP, Wells KJ. Patient navigation: an update on the state of the science. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011;61:237–49.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Freeman HP, Muth BJ, Kerner JF. Expanding access to cancer screening and clinical follow-up among the medically underserved. Cancer Pract. 1995;3:19–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Freeman HP, Chu KC. Determinants of cancer disparities: barriers to cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2005;14:655–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Freeman HP, Rodriguez RL. History and principles of patient navigation. Cancer. 2011;117:3537–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Rodday AM, Parsons SK, Snyder F, Simon MA, Llanos AAM, Warren-Mears V, et al. Impact of patient navigation in eliminating economic disparities in cancer care: patient Navigation and Disparities. Cancer. 2015;121:4025–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bush ML, Kaufman MR, Shackleford T. Adherence in the cancer care setting: a systematic review of patient navigation to traverse barriers. J Cancer Educ. 2018;33:1222–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Raich PC, Whitley EM, Thorland W, Valverde P, Fairclough D. Patient navigation improves cancer diagnostic resolution: an individually randomized clinical trial in an underserved population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2012;21:1629–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Reece JC, Neal EFG, Nguyen P, McIntosh JG, Emery JD. Delayed or failure to follow-up abnormal breast cancer screening mammograms in primary care: a systematic review. BMC Cancer. 2021;21:373.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Robinson-White S, Conroy B, Slavish KH, Rosenzweig M. Patient navigation in breast cancer: a systematic review. Cancer Nurs. 2010;33:127–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Bernardo BM, Zhang X, Beverly Hery CM, Meadows RJ, Paskett ED. The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of patient navigation programs across the cancer continuum: a systematic review. Cancer. 2019;125:2747–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Gorin SS, Haggstrom D, Han PKJ, Fairfield KM, Krebs P, Clauser SB. Cancer care coordination: a systematic review and meta-analysis of over 30 years of empirical studies. Ann Behav Med. 2017;51:532–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Simon MA, Trosman JR, Rapkin B, Rittner SS, Adetoro E, Kirschner MC, et al. Systematic patient navigation strategies to scale breast cancer disparity reduction by improved cancer prevention and care delivery processes. Oncol Pract. 2020;16:e1462–70.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Freund KM, Battaglia TA, Calhoun E, Dudley DJ, Fiscella K, Paskett E, et al. National Cancer Institute Patient Navigation Research Program: methods, protocol, and measures. Cancer. 2008;113:3391–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Phillips S, Villalobos AVK, Crawbuck GSN, Pratt-Chapman ML. In their own words: patient navigator roles in culturally sensitive cancer care. Support Care Cancer. 2019;27:1655–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Tervalon M, Murray-García J. Cultural humility versus cultural competence: a critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 1998;9:117–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Agner J. Moving from cultural competence to cultural humility in occupational therapy: a paradigm shift. Am J Occup Ther. 2020;74:7404347010p1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Solchanyk D, Ekeh O, Saffran L, Burnett-Zeigler IE, Doobay-Persaud A. Integrating cultural humility into the medical education curriculum: strategies for educators. Teach Learn Med. 2021;33(5):554–60.

  35. Mendoza NS, Moreno FA, Hishaw A, Gaw AC, Fortuna LR, Skubel A, et al. Affirmative care across cultures: broadening application. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2020;18:31–9.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Natale-Pereira A, Enard KR, Nevarez L, Jones LA. The role of patient navigators in eliminating health disparities. Cancer. 2011;117:3543–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Sastry S, Zoller HM, Walker T, Sunderland S. From patient navigation to cancer justice: toward a culture-centered, community-owned intervention addressing disparities in cancer prevention. Front Commun. 2017;2:19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Shusted CS, Barta JA, Lake M, Brawer R, Ruane B, Giamboy TE, et al. The case for patient navigation in lung cancer screening in vulnerable populations: a systematic review. Popul Health Manag. 2019;22:347–61.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Munn Z, Peters MDJ, Stern C, Tufanarau C, McArthur A, Aromataris E. Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18:143.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4:1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Trico AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien K, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169:467–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Smith AN, Palmer N, Felder T, Tahir P. Navigation programs for african american men with prostate cancer: a systematic review. Prospero 2021 CRD42021221412. Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021221412.

  43. Freeman HP. The origin, evolution, and principles of patient navigation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2012;21:1614–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Nonzee NJ, McKoy JM, Rademaker AW, Byer P, Luu TH, Liu D, et al. Design of a prostate cancer patient navigation intervention for a veterans affairs hospital. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:340.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Finnie RKC, Felder TM, Linder SK, Mullen PD. Beyond reading level: a systematic review of the suitability of cancer education print and web-based materials. J Cancer Educ. 2010;25:497–505.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Felder TM, Palmer NR, Lal LS, Mullen PD. What is the evidence for pharmaceutical patient assistance programs? A systematic review. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2011;22:24–49.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Webb LA, McDonnell KK, Adams SA, Davis RE, Felder TM. Exploring stigma among lung cancer survivors: a scoping literature review. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2019;46:402–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Balakrishnan AS, Palmer NR, Odisho AY. “Can you hear me now?”: postoperative patient-initiated communication with providers. Am J Manag Care. 2020;26:e333–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kith G, Lisker S, Sarkar U, Barr-Walker J, Breyer BN, Palmer NR. Defining and measuring adherence in observational studies assessing outcomes of real-world active surveillance for prostate cancer: a systematic review. Eur Urol Oncol. 2021;4:192–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Esdaille AR, Ibilibor C, Holmes A 2nd, Palmer NR, Murphy AB. Access and representation: a narrative review of the disparities in access to clinical trials and precision oncology in Black men with prostate cancer. Urology. 2021;S0090-4295(21):00893–1.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) – a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42:377–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ustjanauskas AE, Bredice M, Nuhaily S, Kath L, Wells KJ. Training in patient navigation: a review of the research literature. Health Promot Pract. 2016;17:373–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Gunn C, Battaglia TA, Parker VA, Clark JA, Paskett ED, Calhoun E, et al. What makes patient navigation most effective: defining useful tasks and networks. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2017;28:663–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Tho PC, Ang E. The effectiveness of patient navigation programs for adult cancer patients undergoing treatment: a systematic review. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2016;14:295–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Iwelunmor J, Newsome V, Airhihenbuwa CO. Framing the impact of culture on health: a systematic review of the PEN-3 cultural model and its application in public health research and interventions. Ethn Health. 2014;19:20–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Allwright K, Goldie C, Almost J, Wilson R. Fostering positive spaces in public health using a cultural humility approach. Public Health Nurs. 2019;36:551–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Hong QN, Pluye P, Fàbregues S, Bartlett G, Boardman F, Cargo M, Dagenais P, et al. Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), version 2018. Registration of Copyright (#1148552), Canadian Intellectual Property Office, Industry Canada.

  58. Hong QN, Gonzalez-Reyes A, Pluye P. Improving the usefulness of a tool for appraising the quality of qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods studies, the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). J Eval Clin Pract. 2018;24:459–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Tricco AC, Pollock D, Munn Z, Alexander L, et al. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evid Implement. 2021;19:3–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Hiatt RA, Sibley A, Fejerman L, Glantz S, Nguyen T, Pasick R, et al. The San Francisco Cancer Initiative: a community effort to reduce the population burden of cancer. Health Aff (Millwood). 2018;37:54–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Hiatt RA, Sibley A, Venkatesh B, Cheng J, Dixit N, Fox R, et al. From cancer epidemiology to policy and practice: the role of a comprehensive cancer center. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2022;9:10–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

None.

Funding

This work is supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under grant number K01CA211965. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. The funding bodies played no role in the design of this study or in writing the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division on General Internal Medicine at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, UCSF mailbox 1364, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA

    Nynikka R. Palmer & Ashley Nicole Smith

  2. University of California San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA

    Brittany A. Campbell & Ghilamichael Andemeskel

  3. UCSF Library, University of California San Francisco, 530 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA

    Peggy Tahir

  4. College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, 1601 Greene Street, Room 620, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA

    Tisha M. Felder

  5. Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 995 Potrero Ave, Building 80, Room 8000N Lower Level, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA

    Barbara Cicerelli

Authors
  1. Nynikka R. Palmer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ashley Nicole Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Brittany A. Campbell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ghilamichael Andemeskel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Peggy Tahir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Tisha M. Felder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Barbara Cicerelli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

This review was conceived by NRP, who is the project leader and grant holder with responsibility for the design and execution of the protocol. All authors contributed to the design of the study and the development and refinement of the protocol. PMT designed the search strategy. NRP, ANS, BAC, and GA drafted the manuscript, and all co-authors critically revised and approved the final version. The funding body have no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation of data nor in writing the manuscript. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript.

Authors’ information

None.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nynikka R. Palmer.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Palmer, N.R., Smith, A.N., Campbell, B.A. et al. Navigation programs relevant for African American men with prostate cancer: a scoping review protocol. Syst Rev 11, 122 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-022-01993-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-022-01993-6

Keywords

Systematic Reviews

ISSN: 2046-4053