Andreas B, Therese N, Daniel W. Income inequality and health: what does the literature tell us? Sick of inequality? An introduction to the relationship between inequality and health. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2016.
Google Scholar
McCartney G, Hearty W, Arnot J, Popham F, Cumbers A, McMaster R. Impact of political economy on population health: a systematic review of reviews. Am J Public Health. 2019;109(6):E1–E12.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lynch J, Smith GD, Harper S, Hillemeier M, Ross N, Kaplan GA, et al. Is income inequality a determinant of population health? Part 1. A systematic review. Milbank Q. 2004;82(1):5–99.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Curran M, Mahutga MC. Income inequality and population health: a global gradient? J Health Soc Behav. 2018;59(4):536–53.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lynch JW, Smith GD, Kaplan GA, House JS. Income inequality and mortality: importance to health of individual income, psychosocial environment, or material conditions. BMJ. 2000;320(7243):1200–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
O’Donnell O, Van Doorslaer E, Van Ourti T. Chapter 17 - Health and inequality. In: Atkinson AB, Bourguignon F, editors. Handbook of Income Distribution. 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2015. p. 1419–533.
Weed DL. Interpreting epidemiological evidence: how meta-analysis and causal inference methods are related. Int J Epidemiol. 2000;29(3):387–90.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Weed DL. Meta-analysis and causal inference: a case study of benzene and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Ann Epidemiol. 2010;20(5):347–55.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Khan KS, Ball E, Fox CE, Meads C. Systematic reviews to evaluate causation: an overview of methods and application. Evid Based Med. 2012;17(5):137–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Colditz GA, Burdick E, Mosteller F. Heterogeneity in meta-analysis of data from epidemiologic studies: a commentary. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142(4):371–82.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hernán MA. The C-Word: scientific euphemisms do not improve causal inference from observational data. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(5):616–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Glymour MM, Hamad R. Causal thinking as a critical tool for eliminating social inequalities in health. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(5):623.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kondo N, Sembajwe G, Kawachi I, van Dam RM, Subramanian SV, Yamagata Z. Income inequality, mortality, and self rated health: meta-analysis of multilevel studies. BMJ. 2009;339:b4471.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pickett KE, Wilkinson RG. Income inequality and health: a causal review. Soc Sci Med. 2015;128:316–26.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schwartz S. The fallacy of the ecological fallacy: the potential misuse of a concept and the consequences. Am J Public Health (1971). 1994;84(5):819–24.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Preston SH. The changing relation between mortality and level of economic development. Popul Stud. 1975;29(2):231–48.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Wilkinson RG. Income distribution and life expectancy. Br Med J. 1992;304(6820):165–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Tennant PWG, Murray EJ, Arnold KF, Berrie L, Fox MP, Gadd SC, et al. Use of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to identify confounders in applied health research: review and recommendations. Int J Epidemiol. 2020;50:620–32.
Pazzagli L, Linder M, Zhang M, Vago E, Stang P, Myers D, et al. Methods for time-varying exposure related problems in pharmacoepidemiology: an overview. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2018;27(2):148–60.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Deaton A. Income, health, and well-being around the world: evidence from the Gallup World Poll. J Econ Perspect. 2008;22(2):53–72.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jen MH, Jones K, Johnston R. Global variations in health: evaluating Wilkinson’s income inequality hypothesis using the World Values Survey. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(4):643–53.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
van Deurzen I, van Oorschot W, van Ingen E. The link between inequality and population health in low and middle income countries: policy myth or social reality? PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e115109.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Barro RJ. Inequality and growth in a panel of countries. J Econ Growth. 2000;5(1):5–32.
Article
Google Scholar
Kuznets S. Economic growth and income inequality. Am Econ Rev. 1955;45(1):1–28.
Google Scholar
Das M, Das SK, World Scientific (Firm). Economic growth, income inequality, and poverty. Economic growth and income disparity in BRIC: Theory and empirical evidence. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd; 2014.
Deaton A. Health, inequality, and economic development. J Econ Lit. 2003;41(1):113–58.
Article
Google Scholar
Shin I. Income inequality and economic growth. Econ Mod. 2012;29(5):2049–57.
Article
Google Scholar
Hirsch D, Padley M, Stone J, Valadez-Martinez L. The low income gap: a new indicator based on a minimum income standard. Soc Indicators Res. 2020;149(1):67–85.
Article
Google Scholar
Gravelle H. How much of the relation between population mortality and unequal distribution of income is a statistical artefact? BMJ. 1998;316(7128):382–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Truesdale BC, Jencks C. The health effects of income inequality: averages and disparities. Annu Rev Public Health. 2016;37(1):413–30.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Blakely TA, Woodward AJ. Ecological effects in multi-level studies. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54(5):367–74.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Andreas B, Therese N, Daniel W. The ecological fallacy: what conclusions can be drawn from group averages? Sick of inequality? An introduction to the relationship between inequality and health. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2016.
Google Scholar
Gravelle H, Wildman J, Sutton M. Income, income inequality and health: what can we learn from aggregate data? Soc Sci Med. 2002;54(4):577–89.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Macleod J, Davey Smith G, Metcalfe C, Hart C. Is subjective social status a more important determinant of health than objective social status? Evidence from a prospective observational study of Scottish men. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61(9):1916–29.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wilkinson RG, Pickett K. The spirit level: why equality is better for everyone. London: Penguin Books; 2010.
Google Scholar
Wilkinson RG, Pickett KE. The enemy between us: the psychological and social costs of inequality. Eur J Soc Psychol. 2017;47(1):11–24.
Article
Google Scholar
Kragten N, Rözer J. The income inequality hypothesis revisited: assessing the hypothesis using four methodological approaches. Soc Indicators Res. 2017;131(3):1015–33.
Article
Google Scholar
Marmot M, Wilkinson RG. Psychosocial and material pathways in the relation between income and health: a response to Lynch et al. BMJ. 2001;322(7296):1233–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kawachi I, Kennedy BP. Socioeconomic determinants of health: health and social cohesion: why care about income inequality? BMJ. 1997;314(7086):1037.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wilkinson RG, Pickett KE. Income inequality and socioeconomic gradients in mortality. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(4):699–704.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Judge K. Income distribution and life expectancy: a critical appraisal. BMJ. 1995;311(7015):1282–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mellor JM, Milyo J. Reexamining the evidence of an ecological association between income inequality and health. J Health Polit Policy Law. 2001;26(3):487–522.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nettle D. Why inequality is bad. Hanging on to the edges. Essays on Science, Society and the Academic Life. 1st ed. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers; 2018. p. 111–28.
Wilkinson RG, Pickett KE. Income inequality and population health: a review and explanation of the evidence. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62(7):1768–84.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lochner K, Pamuk E, Makuc D, Kennedy BP, Kawachi I. State-level income inequality and individual mortality risk: a prospective, multilevel study. Am J Public Health. 2001;91(3):385–91.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Osler M, Prescott E, Gr⊘nbæk M, Christensen U, Due P, Engholm G. Income inequality, individual income, and mortality in Danish adults: analysis of pooled data from two cohort studies. BMJ. 2002;324(7328):13.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kahn RS, Wise PH, Kennedy BP, Kawachi I. State income inequality, household income, and maternal mental and physical health: cross sectional national survey. BMJ. 2000;321(7272):1311–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wagstaff A, van Doorslaer E. Income inequality and health: what does the literature tell us? Annu Rev Public Health. 2000;21(1):543–67.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Blakely TA, Kennedy BP, Glass R, Kawachi I. What is the lag time between income inequality and health status? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54(4):318–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jutz R. The role of income inequality and social policies on income-related health inequalities in Europe. Int J Equity Health. 2015;14(1):117.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4(1):1.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shimonovich M, Pearce A, Thomson H, Keyes K, Katikireddi SV. Assessing causality in epidemiology: revisiting Bradford Hill to incorporate developments in causal thinking. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;36:873–87.
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Sultan S, Glasziou P, Akl EA, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE guidelines: 9. Rating up the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(12):1311–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
VanderWeele TJ, Ding P. Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the E-value. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167(4):268–74.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Andreas B, Therese N, Daniel W. Measuring inequality sick of inequality? An introduction to the relationship between inequality and health. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2016.
Google Scholar
Idler EL, Benyamini Y. Self-rated health and mortality: a review of twenty-seven community studies. J Health Soc Behav. 1997;38(1):21–37.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ganna A, Ingelsson E. 5 year mortality predictors in 498,103 UK Biobank participants: a prospective population-based study. Lancet. 2015;386(9993):533–40.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bombak AE. Self-rated health and public health: a critical perspective. Front. Public Health. 2013;1:15.
Google Scholar
Mateen FJ, Oh J, Tergas AI, Bhayani NH, Kamdar BB. Titles versus titles and abstracts for initial screening of articles for systematic reviews. Clin Epidemiol. 2013;5:89–95.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Reeves BC, Savović J, Berkman ND, Viswanathan M, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bonell C, Jamal F, Harden A, Wells H, Parry W, Fletcher A, et al. Systematic review of the effects of schools and school environment interventions on health: evidence mapping and synthesis. Public Health Res (Southampton, England). 2013;1(1):1–320.
Article
Google Scholar
Jeyaraman MM, Rabbani R, Copstein L, Robson RC, Al-Yousif N, Pollock M, et al. Methodologically rigorous risk of bias tools for nonrandomized studies had low reliability and high evaluator burden. J Clin Epidemiol. 2020;128:140–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Igelström E, Campbell M, Craig P, Katikireddi SV. Cochrane’s risk of bias tool for non-randomized studies (ROBINS-I) is frequently misapplied: a methodological systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol. 2021;140:22–32.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hernán MA, Robins JM. Using Big Data to Emulate a Target Trial When a Randomized Trial Is Not Available. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;183(8):758–64.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Schünemann HH, Higgins JP, Vist GE, Glasziou P, Akl EA, Skoetz N, et al. Completing ‘Summary of findings’ tables and grading the certainty of the evidence. In: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions [Internet]. Cochrane. 6; 2019. Available from: https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/current/chapter-14.
Google Scholar
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist G, Kunz R, Brozek J, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence—study limitations (risk of bias). J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):407–15.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Woodcock J, Brozek J, Helfand M, et al. GRADE guidelines: 8. Rating the quality of evidence—indirectness. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(12):1303–10.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, Alonso-Coello P, Rind D, et al. GRADE guidelines 6. Rating the quality of evidence—imprecision. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(12):1283–93.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Woodcock J, Brozek J, Helfand M, et al. GRADE guidelines: 7. Rating the quality of evidence—inconsistency. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(12):1294–302.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Montori V, Vist G, Kunz R, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 5. Rating the quality of evidence—publication bias. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(12):1277–82.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schünemann HJ, Cuello C, Akl EA, Mustafa RA, Meerpohl JJ, Thayer K, et al. GRADE guidelines: 18. How ROBINS-I and other tools to assess risk of bias in nonrandomized studies should be used to rate the certainty of a body of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2019;111:105–14.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar