Fig. 4

Directed acyclic graph (DAG) of the simplified relationship between income inequality and individual health, confounded by individual income, political and economic factors and mediated by public service provisions. Time is indicated with a subscript t while area-level variables are capitalized and individual-level variables are lower-cased. This DAG reflects our general understanding of the neo-material literature, though the structure of the relationship (including whether public service provisions are a co-exposure and thus should be conditioned upon, not shown) remains debated