Okie S: A flood of opioids, a rising tide of deaths. N Engl J Med. 2010, 363: 1981-1985. 10.1056/NEJMp1011512.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
CDC: Multiple cause of death data. National Vital Statistics System. 2011, Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Google Scholar
Fischer B, Keates A, Buhringer G, Reimer J, Rehm J: Non-medical use of prescription opioids and prescription opioid-related harms: why so markedly higher in North America compared to the rest of the world?. Addiction. 2013, 109: 177-
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Firestone Cruz M, Fischer B, Patra J, Kalousek K, Newton-Taylor B, Rehm J, Tyndall M: Prevalence and associated factors of hepatitis C infection (HCV) in a multi-site Canadian population of illicit opioid and other drug users (OPICAN). Can J Public Health. 2007, 98: 130-133.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brooner RK, King VL, Kidorf M, Schmidt CW, Bigelow GE: Psychiatric and substance use comorbidity among treatment-seeking opioid abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997, 54: 71-80. 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830130077015.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hall W, Bell J, Carless J: Crime and drug use among applicants for methadone maintenance. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1993, 31: 123-129. 10.1016/0376-8716(93)90064-W.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M: Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009, 3: CD002209-
PubMed
Google Scholar
National Consensus Development Panel on Effective Medical Treatment of Opiate Addiction: Effective medical treatment of opiate addiction. JAMA. 1998, 280: 1936-1943. 10.1001/jama.280.22.1936.
Article
Google Scholar
Fischer B: Prescriptions, power and politics: the turbulent history of methadone maintenance in Canada. J Public Health Policy. 2000, 21: 187-210. 10.2307/3343343.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fischer B, Cruz MF, Rehm J: Illicit opioid use and its key characteristics: a select overview and evidence from a Canadian multisite cohort of illicit opioid users (OPICAN). Can J Psychiatry. 2006, 51: 624-634.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mental Health and Addiction Information: Methadone. 2010, Toronto, ON: CAMH,http://www.camh.ca/en/hospital/health_information/a_z_mental_health_and_addiction_information/methadone/Pages/methadone.aspx,
Google Scholar
Li Y, Kantelip JP, Gerritsen-van Schieveen P, Davani S: Interindividual variability of methadone response: impact of genetic polymorphism. Mol Diagn Ther. 2008, 12: 109-124. 10.1007/BF03256276.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fischer B, Medved W, Gliksman L, Rehm J: Illicit opiate users in Toronto: a profile of current users. Addict Res. 1999, 7: 377-415. 10.3109/16066359909004395.
Article
Google Scholar
Fischer B, Rehm J, Patra J, Cruz MF: Changes in illicit opioid use across Canada. CMAJ. 2006, 175: 1385-10.1503/cmaj.060729.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: Summary of findings from the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. 2001, Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies
Google Scholar
Back SE, Lawson KM, Singleton LM, Brady KT: Characteristics and correlates of men and women with prescription opioid dependence. Addict Behav. 2011, 36: 829-834. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.03.013.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chatham LR, Hiller ML, Rowan-Szal GA, Joe GW, Simpson DD: Gender differences at admission and follow-up in a sample of methadone maintenance clients. Subst Use Misuse. 1999, 34: 1137-1165. 10.3109/10826089909039401.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Back SE, Payne RL, Simpson AN, Brady KT: Gender and prescription opioids: findings from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Addict Behav. 2010, 35: 1001-1007. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.06.018.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Back SE, Payne RL, Wahlquist AH, Carter RE, Stroud Z, Haynes L, Hillhouse M, Brady KT, Ling W: Comparative profiles of men and women with opioid dependence: results from a national multisite effectiveness trial. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2011, 37: 313-323. 10.3109/00952990.2011.596982.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Maremmani I, Stefania C, Pacini M, Maremmani AG, Carlini M, Golia F, Deltito J, Dell'Osso L: Differential substance abuse patterns distribute according to gender in heroin addicts. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2010, 42: 89-95. 10.1080/02791072.2010.10399789.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen CK, Shu LW, Liang PL, Hung TM, Lin SK: Drug use patterns and gender differences among heroin addicts hospitalized for detoxification. Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1998, 21: 172-178.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lin HC, Chang YP, Wang PW, Wu HC, Yen CN, Yeh YC, Chung KS, Chang HC, Yen CF: Gender differences in heroin users receiving methadone maintenance therapy in Taiwan. J Addict Dis. 2013, 32: 140-149. 10.1080/10550887.2013.795466.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Acharyya S, Zhang H: Assessing sex differences on treatment effectiveness from the drug abuse treatment outcome study (DATOS). Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2003, 29: 415-444. 10.1081/ADA-120020524.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Greenfield SF, Brooks AJ, Gordon SM, Green CA, Kropp F, McHugh RK, Lincoln M, Hien D, Miele GM: Substance abuse treatment entry, retention, and outcome in women: a review of the literature. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007, 86: 21-
Article
Google Scholar
Goldbarg RN, Brown EJ: Gender, personal networks, and drug use among rural African Americans. Int Q Community Health Educ. 2009, 30: 41-54. 10.2190/IQ.30.1.d.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Oo, National ASTEDST, Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Service DSS-, DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 04–3965: Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 1992–2002. National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Service, DASIS Series: S-23 vol. 2004, Rockville, MD: DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 04–3965
Google Scholar
Haney M: Opioid antagonism of cannabinoid effects: differences between marijuana smokers and nonmarijuana smokers. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007, 32: 1391-1403. 10.1038/sj.npp.1301243.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hartel DM, Schoenbaum EE, Selwyn PA, Kline J, Davenny K, Klein RS, Friedland GH: Heroin use during methadone maintenance treatment: the importance of methadone dose and cocaine use. Am J Public Health. 1995, 85: 83-88. 10.2105/AJPH.85.1.83.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tetrault JM, Desai RA, Becker WC, Fiellin DA, Concato J, Sullivan LE: Gender and non-medical use of prescription opioids: results from a national US survey. Addiction. 2008, 103: 258-268. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02056.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crettol S, Besson J, Croquette-Krokar M, Hammig R, Gothuey I, Monnat M, Deglon JJ, Preisig M, Eap CB: Association of dopamine and opioid receptor genetic polymorphisms with response to methadone maintenance treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008, 32: 1722-1727. 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.07.009.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tsao JC, Stein JA, Dobalian A: Sex differences in pain and misuse of prescription analgesics among persons with HIV. Pain Med. 2010, 11: 815-824. 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00858.x.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kang SY, Deren S, Colon H: Gender comparisons of factors associated with drug treatment utilization among Puerto Rican drug users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2009, 35: 73-79. 10.1080/00952990802585414.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sordo L, Chahua M, Bravo MJ, Barrio G, Brugal MT, Domingo-Salvany A, Molist G, De la Fuente L: Depression among regular heroin users: the influence of gender. Addict Behav. 2012, 37: 148-152. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.09.009.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Okoli CTC, Khara M, Torchalla I, Ensom MHH, Oliffe JL, Bottorff JL, Stanley PJ: Sex differences in smoking cessation outcomes of a tailored program for individuals with substance use disorders and mental illness. Addict Behav. 2011, 36: 523-526. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.12.029.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Giacomuzzi SM, Riemer Y, Ertl M, Kemmler G, Rossler H, Hinterhuber H, Kurz M: Gender differences in health-related quality of life on admission to a maintenance treatment program. Eur Addict Res. 2005, 11: 69-75. 10.1159/000083035.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jones HE, Fitzgerald H, Johnson RE: Males and females differ in response to opioid agonist medications. Am J Addict. 2005, 14: 223-233. 10.1080/10550490590949569.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Savage LJ, Simpson DD: Posttreatment outcomes of sex and ethnic groups treated in methadone maintenance during 1969–1972. J Psychedelic Drugs. 1980, 12: 55-64. 10.1080/02791072.1980.10471552.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Peles E, Adelson M: Gender differences and pregnant women in a methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clinic. J Addict Dis. 2006, 25: 39-45. 10.1300/J069v25n02_06.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marsh KL, Simpson DD: Sex differences in opioid addiction careers. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1986, 12: 309-329. 10.3109/00952998609016873.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grella CE, Lovinger K: Gender differences in physical and mental health outcomes among an aging cohort of individuals with a history of heroin dependence. Addict Behav. 2012, 37: 306-312. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.11.028.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mulvaney FD, Brown LS, Alterman AI, Sage RE, Cnaan A, Cacciola J, Rutherford M: Methadone-maintenance outcomes for Hispanic and African–American men and women. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1999, 54: 11-18. 10.1016/S0376-8716(98)00136-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Magura S, Kang S-Y, Rosenblum A, Handelsman L, Foote J: Gender differences in psychiatric comorbidity among cocaine-using opiate addicts. J Addict Dis. 1998, 17: 49-61.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rutherford MJ, Alterman AI, Cacciola JS, Snider EC: Gender differences in diagnosing antisocial personality disorder in methadone patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1995, 152: 1309-1316.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Steer RA, Kotzker E: Affective changes in male and female methadone patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1980, 5: 115-122. 10.1016/0376-8716(80)90187-8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jimenez-Trevino L, Saiz PA, Garcia-Portilla MP, Diaz-Mesa EM, Sanchez-Lasheras F, Buron P, Casares MJ, Marina P, Gutierrez E, Bobes J: A 25-year follow-up of patients admitted to methadone treatment for the first time: mortality and gender differences. Addict Behav. 2011, 36: 1184-1190. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07.019.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Camacho LM, Bartholomew NG, Joe GW, Cloud MA, Simpson DD: Gender, cocaine and during-treatment HIV risk reduction among injection opioid users in methadone maintenance. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1996, 41: 1-7. 10.1016/0376-8716(96)01235-5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wells EA, Calsyn DA, Clark LL, Jackson TR, Saxon AJ: Retention in methadone maintenance is associated with reductions in different HIV risk behaviors for women and men. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1996, 22: 509-521. 10.3109/00952999609001677.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Viera AJ, Garrett JM: Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic. Fam Med. 2005, 37: 360-363.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wells G, Shea B, O’connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P: The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses. 1999, Ottawa, ON: Ottawa Health Research Institute
Google Scholar
Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Juni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, Savovic J, Schulz KF, Weeks L, Sterne JA: The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2011, 343: d5928-10.1136/bmj.d5928.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG: Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009, 6: e1000097-10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar