Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review
Source (first author, year of publication) | Country | Number, sex (F/M) | Age (year) | CT design | Duration | Health status | Intervention group | Control group | Reported appetite data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moradi et al., 2021 [82] | Iran | 72 M | 20–30, Int & con:22.2 | Two arms Parallel | 3 wk | Young male athletes with normal body fat percentage | Two omega-3 soft gel capsules/day (2000 mg omega-3; EPA:360 mg, DHA:240 mg) | Two soft gel capsules/day (1 g of edible paraffin oil) | VAS score |
Safaeiyan et al., 2018 [81] | Iran | 66 (22M/44F) | 18–45, Int:34.2 Con:33.5 | Two arms Parallel | 4 wk | BMI > 30 kg/m2 | 1000 mg Omega-3 capsules twice a day (180 mg EPA & 120 mg DHA) | Paraffin soft gels twice a day | VAS score |
Mocelin et al., 2017 [79] | Brazil | 45 (25M/20F) | 18–70, Int:56 Con:51 | Two arms Parallel | 9 wk | Gastrointestinal cancer patients | Two capsules of fish oil/d (3.6 g), each capsule contained 1 g EPA + 0.5 g DHA/d | Two capsules of extra virgin olive oil/d | Adverse event |
Payahoo et al., 2017 [78] | Iran | 60 (15M/45F) | 18–45, Int:31.9 Con:33.5 | Two arms Parallel | 4 wk | Obese (BMI = 30–40 kg/m2) | 1 g Omega-3 capsules twice a day (180 mg EPA & 120 mg DHA) | Placebo twice a day | VAS score |
Werner et al., 2017 [80] | Germany | 33 (16M/17F) |  > 21 years, Int:70.3 Con:71.3 | Two arms Parallel | 6 wk | Pancreatic cancer | 500 mg soft gel capsules 3 times/d, 60% fish oil & 40% MCT (6.9g/100g EPA + 13.6 g/100g DHA) [0.3 g n-3 fatty acids/d] | Marine phospholipids (MPL), 35% n-3 fatty acid phospholipids + 65% neutral lipids (8.5g/100g EPA + 12.3g/100g DHA) | Adverse event |
Berg et al., 2014 [64] | USA | 267 (184M/83F) | 21–79, Int:44.2 Con:43.5 | Five arms Parallel | 12 wk | Adults with borderline high or high triglyceride levels | One, two, four or eight 500 mg Krill oil capsules/d (100, 200, 400 or 800 mg EPA + DHA) | Placebo (olive oil) | Adverse event |
Damsbo-Svendsen, et al., 2013 [83] | Denmark | 20 (10M/10F) | 18–30, Int & con: 24 | Cross-over | 3 wk | Healthy students (> 18 y, normal weight) | 3.5 g n-3 PUFAs (1.9 g EPA & 1.1 g DHA) | 5.2 g soybean oil & 10 IU/g vitamin E | VAS score |
Kanat et al., 2013 [76] | Turkey | 62 (48M/14F) | 22–84, Int:60.7 | Three arms Parallel | 12 wk | Cancer patients (aged ≥ 18 y) | Megestrol acetate (MA) + Meloxicam + EPA (2.2 g/d) | Megestrol acetate (MA) + Meloxicam | VAS score |
Miller et al., 2013 [77] | USA | 29 (17M/12F) |  > 21 years, 67.4 | Two-period cross-over | Two × 6 wk (2 wk washout) | Adults Diabetes patients with kidney injury | 4 Capsules/d, each 1 g capsules contained PUFAs (85% n-3 [DHA:EPA ratio of 2:1]) | Placebo (corn oil) | Adverse event |
Vakhapova et al., 2011 [52] | Israel | 131 (66Int/65Con) | 50–90, Int:72.4 Con:72.7 | Two arms Parallel | 15 wk | Elderly | 3 capsules of phosphatidylserine DHA (PS-DHA; 300 mg PS & 79 mg DHA + EPA [DHA:EPA ratio of 3:1]) /d | Placebo (cellulose) | Adverse event |
Irving et al., 2009 [75] | Sweden | 174 (84M/90F) | Int:73 Con:73 | Two arms Parallel | 24 wk | Patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer | Four 1-g capsules daily (430mg DHA & 150mg EPA) | Four 1-g corn oil (0.6g linoleic acid) | Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) |
Liu et al., 2007 [74] | Chinese | 22 (13M/9F) | 45–75, Int:56 Con:58 | Two arms Parallel with 1 wk for rest | 7 wk | Gastric cancer cachexia patients | 8 gelatin capsules of fish oil (EPA + DHA 315mg) twice a day | Atracylenolide 6 ml (Atracylenolide Ι 0.11gml−1) twice a day | VAS score |
Yehuda et al., 2005 [47] | Israel | 126 M | - | Two arms Parallel | 3 wk | Undergraduate college students with anxiety | 225 mg α-linolenic acid & linoleic acid (in ratio of 1:4) for twice daily | placebo (mineral oil) |  |
Jatoi et al., 2004 [73] | Canada | 421 (294M/127F) | 18 > , Int:66 Con:66 | Three arms Parallel | 4 wk | Patients aged > 18 with incurable malignancies | An EPA supplement (1.09 g EPA & 0.46 DHA), two cans/d | Megestrol acetate (MA) | NCCTG questionnaire for appetite |
Bruera et al., 2003 [72] | Canada | 60 (17M/43F) | Int:63.0 Con:64.6 | Two arms Parallel | 2 wk | Patients with advanced cancer | 18 gelatin capsules containing 1000 mg fish oil (180 mg EPA & 120 mg DHA) | 18 gelatin capsules containing 1000 mg of a placebo (olive oil) | VAS score |