Table 1 Characteristics of articles included in the meta-synthesis (n = 24)
From: Women’s experiences with yoga after a cancer diagnosis: a qualitative meta-synthesis—part I
First author and year | Country | Samplea | Intervention | Data collection methods | Design | Analysis methods | Theoretical and/or conceptual orientation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Addington 2018 [59] | USA | 6 women Treatment status: on-treatment Cancer type: breast Age range: 41–76 Mean age: 59 | 12 weeks, integral yoga, group-based, synchronous videoconferencing | Program evaluation forms and telephone interviews | Quasi-experimental | NR | NR |
2 | Archer 2015 [60] | UK | 16 women Treatment status: on-treatment Cancer type: cervical, endometrial, ovarian Age range: 31–79 Mean age: 60 | 10 weeks, Hatha yoga, in-person | Focus groups | Experimental | Interpretative phenomenological analysis | NR |
3 | Bryan 2021 [61] | USA | 7 women, 1 man Treatment status: NR Cancer type: NR Age range: 52–74 Mean age: 61 | 10 weeks, gentle yoga, group-based, in-person | Semi-structured interviews | Observational | Content analysis | Biopsychosocial-spiritual model |
4 | Carr 2016 [34] | CAN | 3 women Treatment status: NR Cancer type: breast, lymphoma Age range: 60–69 Mean age: NR | 3 weeks, Kripaula yoga, 1-on-1, in-person | Open-ended survey questions | Quasi-experimental | Grounded theory approach | NR |
5 | Danhauer 2008 [62] | USA | 51 women Treatment status: on- and off-treatment Cancer type: ovarian, breast Age range: 34–82 Mean age: 58.9 | 10 weeks, restorative yoga, group-based, in-person | Semi-structured interviews | Quasi-experimental | Categorical aggregation/iterative process | NR |
6 | Duncan 2008 [63] | CAN | 23 women, 1 man Treatment status: on- and off-treatment Cancer type: breast, gynecologic, lymphoma Age range: NR Mean age: 49.3 | Community program that was 10 weeks, Iyengar yoga, group-based, in-person | Interviews | Quasi-experimental | Ethnographic content analysis | NR |
7 | Evans 2017 [35] | NR | 3 women, 1 man Treatment status: off-treatment Cancer type: Hodgkin lymphoma, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, breast, osteosarcoma Age range: NR Mean age: 26.5 | 8 weeks, Iyengar yoga | Journal reflections Weekly phone calls | Quasi-experimental | Content analysis | NR |
8 | Flanagan 2021 [64] | USA | 35 women Treatment status: off-treatment Cancer type: breast Age range: 29–77 Mean age: 56.17 | 4 weeks, mindfulness-based yoga, self-guided, online asynchronous | Semi-structured interviews | Quasi-experimental | Reflective thematic analysis | Power as knowing participation in change |
9 | Galantino 2012a [65] | USA | 10 women Treatment status: off-treatment Cancer type: breast Age range: 50–71 Mean age: 58 | 8 weeks, group-based, in-person | Semi-structured interviews | Quasi-experimental | Grounded theory | Social cognitive theory |
10 | Galantino 2012b [66] | USA | 4 women Treatment status: on-treatment Cancer type: breast Age range: 44–65 Mean age: 54.75 | 12 weeks, Iyengar-inspired yoga, group-based, in-person | Semi-structured interviews | Experimental | Thematic analysis | NR |
11 | Huberty 2018 [67] | USA | 34 women, 5 men Treatment status: on-treatment Cancer type: myeloproliferative neoplasms Age range: 47–83 Mean age: 60 | 12 weeks, Hatha and Vinyasa yoga, self-guided, online asynchronous | Semi-structured interviews | Experimental | Iterative-thematic approach | NR |
12 | Kligler 2011 [68] | USA | 38 women, 37 men Treatment status: on-treatment Cancer type: NR Age range: NR Mean age: 54.4 | 1-on-1, in-person | Structured interviews | Quasi-experimental | Thematic analysis | NR |
13 | Kvillemo 2011 [69] | SWE | 18 women Treatment status: off-treatment Cancer type: breast, lymphatic Age range: 31–65 Mean age: 54 | 8 weeks, Hatha yoga, group-based, in-person | Open-ended survey questions | Experimental | Inductive reasoning approach | NR |
14 | Loudon 2017 [70] | AUS | 15 women Treatment status: off-treatment Cancer type: breast Age range: 36–66 Mean age: 55.2 | 8 weeks, Satyananda yoga, group-based, in-person | Semi-structured interviews | Observational | Thematic analysis | NR |
15 | Mackenzie 2014 [71] | CAN | 18 women Treatment status: NR Cancer type: breast, other (NR) Age range: NR Mean age: 53.97 | 1 session, 1-on-1, in-person | Open-ended survey questions | Quasi-experimental | Symbolic interactionism, ethnographic, mindful inquiry, phenomenology | Effort-related attention model, circumplex model of affect, dual-mode theory of affective responses to exercise, neurovisceral integration model |
16 | McCall 2015a [72] | CAN | 11 women, 4 men Treatment status: on-treatment Cancer type: tongue, breast, colorectal-lung, prostate, abdomen, colorectal, skin, brain, blood Age range: 33–72 Mean age: 51.3 | Arm 1: 1 session, pranayama-based yoga, group-based, in-person Arm 2: 2 weeks, restorative yoga, group-based, in-person; 4 weeks, mixed yoga, asynchronous website Arm 3: 4 weeks, restorative yoga, group-based, in-person | Semi-structured interviews and journals | Experimental | NR | NR |
17 | McCall 2015b [73] | CAN | 7 women, 3 men Treatment status: on-treatment Cancer type: breast, prostate, bone marrow, skin Age range: 44–71 Mean age: 60.1 | Community program with no set number of weeks, restorative yoga, group-based, in-person | Focus groups | Quasi-experimental | Constant comparison technique | NR |
18 | McDonnell 2020 [74] | USA | 16 women, 10 men Treatment status: off-treatment Cancer type: lung Age range: NR Mean age: 66.5 | 8 weeks, Hatha yoga, group-based, in-person | Focus groups | Quasi-experimental | Interpretative phenomenological analysis | NR |
19 | Taylor 2018 [36] | USA | 26 women Treatment status: off-treatment Cancer type: breast Age range: 33–64 Mean age: 53.75 | 8 weeks, restorative yoga, group-based, in-person | Focus groups | Observational | Thematic analysis | NR |
20 | Thomas 2011 [75] | CAN | 10 women Treatment status: on- and off-treatment Cancer type: breast Age range: 36–70 Mean age: 52 | 6 weeks, Iyengar yoga, group-based, in-person | Open-ended survey questions | Experimental | NR | Feminist theory |
21 | Thomas 2014 [37] | CAN | 13 women Treatment status: NR Cancer type: breast Age range: 51–66 Mean age: NR | 8 weeks, Iyengar yoga, group-based, in-person | Open-ended survey questions | Quasi-experimental | Content analysis | NR |
22 | Van Puymbroeck 2011 [76] | USA | 18 women Treatment status: off-treatment Cancer type: breast Age range: 33–84 Mean age: 56.67 | 8 weeks, Hatha yoga, group-based, in-person | Open-ended survey questions | Quasi-experimental | Summative content analysis | NR |
23 | Van Puymbroeck 2013 [77] | USA | 18 women Treatment status: off-treatment Cancer type: breast Age range: 33–84 Mean age: 56.67 | 8 weeks, Hatha yoga, group-based, in-person | Semi-structured interview guide | Quasi-experimental | Thematic analysis | NR |
24 | Van Uden-Kraan 2013 [33] | NLD | 25 women, 4 men Treatment status: NR Cancer type: breast, colorectal, lung, kidney, brain, endometrial-non-Hodgkin lymphoma Age range: NR Mean age: 53.8 | Community program with no set number of weeks, Hatha and Healing yoga, group-based, in-person | Semi-structured interviews | Quasi-experimental | Thematic analysis | NR |