Table 1 Characteristics of the included interventional-based studies — a full list of included studies is included as Supplementary material (Table S2)
Author/Year | Number of studies (sample) | Country | Study design | Exposure | Outcome measures | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Briggs et al. (2023) [19] | 20 (N = 874) | UK | Interventional | Horticultural therapy | Well-being, mental health, quality of life | + impact on well-being; ? impact on mental health or quality of life |
Coventry et al. (2021) [9] | 50 (N = 4238) | UK | Interventional | Gardening | Mental health | + impact on mental health |
Gregis et al. (2021) [20] | 84 (NA) | Italy | Interventional | Gardening; horticultural therapy | Well-being, mental health | ? impact on well-being and mental health |
Kamioka et al. (2014) [21] | 4 (N = 248) | Japan | Interventional | Horticultural therapy | Well-being, mental health, quality of life | + impact on mental health and behaviour |
Kondo et al. (2018) [22] | 43 (N = 1915) | USA | Interventional | Gardening | Mental health | + impact on cortisol; ? impact for mood, anxiety |
Lin et al. (2021) [23] | 10 (N = 884) | China | Interventional | Horticultural therapy | Well-being, mental health, quality of life | + impact on mental health, quality of life, and well-being |
Lin et al. (2022) [24] | 16 (N = 960) | UK | Interventional | Horticultural therapy | Well-being | + impact on well-being |
Spano et al. (2020) [25] | 7 (N = 1699) | Italy | Interventional | Gardening; horticultural therapy | Well-being | + impact on well-being |
Tu and Chiu (2020) [26] | 10 (N = 340) | Taiwan | Interventional | Horticultural therapy | Mental health | + impact on mental health (cognition) |
Zhang et al. (2022) [27] | 13 (N = 687) | China | Interventional | Horticultural therapy | Mental health — depression | + impact on mental health |