Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Study Details | Sample population | Authentication | Study setting | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First author, year | Citation | Sample size | Female (n) | Age range | Device brand | Outcome predicted | Free-living vs. in-lab | Structured vs. free-use |
Davis, 2020 | [36] | 48 | 21 | < 40, > 40* | iOS | Sex, age | In-lab | Structured |
Sun, 2016 | [37] | 19 | 8 | 18–35 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Liu, 2016 | [38] | 20 | 10 | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Maghsoudi, 2016 | [39] | 60 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Putri, 2016 | [40] | 29 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Lamiche, 2019 | [41] | 20 | 10 | 22–33 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Smith-Creasey, 2016 | [42] | 50 | NR | NR | iOS | ID | In-lab | Free-use |
Shih, 2015 | [43] | 10 | 4 | 22–30 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Zaidi, 2022a,b,c,d | [44] | 350 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Soni, 2018 | [45] | 10 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Lin, 2012 | [46] | 20 | 4 | 18–40 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Li 2018 | [47] | 304 | NR | NR | NR | ID | Free-living | Free-use |
Smith-Creasey, 2019e,f,g | [48] | 49 | NR | NR | Android | ID | Free-living | Free-use |
Salem, 2019 | [49] | 7 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Zhao, 2020 | [50] | 110 | NR | NR | iOS | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Qiao, 2015 | [51] | 10 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Smith-Creasey, 2019 | [52] | 20 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Alariki, 2016 | [53] | 18 | NR | 20–40 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Lee, 2017 | [54] | 12 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Li, 2020h | [55] | 150 | 58 | 16–50 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Saini, 2020 | [56] | 40 | NR | NR | NR | ID | In-lab | Free use |
Takahashi, 2016 | [57] | 20 | 4 | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Deb, 2019 | [58] | 37 | 16 | 18–56 | Android | ID | Free-living | Free-use |
Leingang, 2018i | [59] | 100 | NR | NR | NR | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Acien, 2019j | [60] | 119 | NR | 3–6, < 25* | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Mahbub, 2016 | [61] | 48 | NR | NR | Android | ID | Free-living | Free-use |
Guarino, 2022 | [62] | 147 | 52 | 7–59 | Android | Gender | In-lab | Structured |
Wang, 2019a | [63] | 21 | NR | 20–30 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Davarci, 2017 | [64] | 200 | NR | 3–11, 12–50 | Android | Age | In-lab | Structured |
Chakraborty, 2019k,l,m | [65] | 60 | NR | 19–48 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Antal, 2015 | [66] | 42 | 18 | 20–46 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Roy, 2014a | [67] | 41 | 13 | 10–69 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Salem, 2016 | [68] | 5 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Roy, 2019a | [69] | 746 | 476 | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Lee, 2021 | [70] | 6 | NR | NR | NR | Handedness | In-lab | Structured |
Buriro, 2019 | [71] | 85 | 30 | 20–60 | Android | ID | Free-living | Structured |
Praher, 2016 | [72] | 8 | NR | 23–55 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Baran, 2019n | [73] | 12 | NR | NR | NR | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Ali, 2016 | [74] | 6 | 3 | NR | NR | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Guerra-Casanova, 2012o,p | [75] | 125 | NR | NR | NR | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Primo, 2017 | [76] | 27 | NR | < 27* | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Yang, 2019 | [77] | 45 | 19 | 10–55 | Android | ID | NR | NR |
Wolff, 2013 | [78] | 6 | NR | NR | NR | ID | Free-living | Free-use |
Tse, 2019 | [79] | 31 | NR | NR | NR | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Antal, 2015q,r,s | [80] | 120 | 54 | 20–49 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Laghari, 2016 | [81] | 10 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Tolosana, 2019 | [82] | 93 | 31 | 17–27* | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Ray, 2021 | [83] | 49 | 23 | 18–35 + | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Ambol, 2020 | [84] | 5 | NR | NR | NR | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Garbuz, 2019 | [85] | 36 | NR | NR | NR | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Dybczak, 2022 | [86] | 5 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Mumuria, 2015 | [87] | 73 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Free-use |
Karanikiotis, 2020 | [88] | 2221 | NR | NR | NR | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Zhao, 2013 | [89] | 30 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Zhao, 2017 | [90] | 23 | 9 | NR | Android | ID | Free-living | Free-use |
Leyfer, 2019 | [91] | 14 | NR | NR | Android | ID | Free-living | Free-use |
Herath, 2022 | [92] | 3 | NR | NR | NR | ID | NR | NR |
Kumar, 2017 | [93] | 57 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Free-use |
Barlas, 2020 | [94] | 30 | 11 | NR | Android | ID | NR | NR |
Incel, 2021 | [95] | 45 | NR | 18–42 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Hernandez-Ortega, 2017j | [96] | 119 | 62 | Children: 3–6, adults: < 25* | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Nguyen, 2017 | [97] | 20 | 6 | 20–30 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Al-Showarah, 2019 | [98] | 42 | NR | Elderly: 60 + , younger: 20–39 | Android | Age group | In-lab | Structured |
Ng’ang’a, 2020 | [99] | 12 | 6 | 6 < 35, 6 < 35 | NR | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Ray-Dowling, 2022i | [100] | 100 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Buriro, 2017 | [101] | 95 | 20 | 20–60 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Ouadjer, 2021a | [102] | 41 | 13 | 10–69 | Android | ID | Free-living | Free-use |
Suharsono, 2020 | [103] | 50 | NR | 18–40 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Barra, 2018 | [104] | 38 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Mallet, 2022i,t | [105] | 102 | NR | NR | NR | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Abate, 2019 | [106] | 100 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Cheng, 2020 | [107] | 100 | 41 | Children: 3–17, adults: 18–59 | Android | Age | In-lab | Structured |
Alqarni, 2020 | [108] | 26 | 12 | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Rao, 2013 | [109] | 5 | NR | NR | NR | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Coakley, 2016 | [110] | 52 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Gautam, 2017 | [111] | 7 | NR | NR | Android | ID | NR | NR |
Deng, 2015u | [112] | 55 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Roh, 2016 | [113] | > 15* | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Acien, 2019v | [114] | 48 | 12 | 22–31 | NR | ID | Free-living | Free-use |
Sun, 2021 | [115] | 26 | 17 | 30–63 | NR | ID | Free-living | Free-use |
Peralta, 2013 | [116] | 8 | 4 | 24–33 | NR | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Stragapede, 2022w | [117] | 600 | 197 | < 20–50 | NR | ID | Free-living | Structured |
Liang, 2020 | [118] | 20 | 12 | 10– > 59 | Android | ID | Free-living | Free-use |
Li, 2021 | [119] | 19 | NR | NR | NR | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Corpus, 2016 | [120] | 30 | NR | NR | NR | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Akhtar, 2017 | [121] | 150 | NR | NR | Android | ID | Free-living | Structured |
Song, 2017 | [122] | 161 | 26 | 18–55 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Primo, 2015 | [123] | 34 | NR | < 25* | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Phillips, 2016 | [124] | 4 | NR | NR | iOS | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Li, 2016 | [125] | 42 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Haberfield, 2021 | [126] | 33 | 5 | 19–69 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Tharwat, 2019 | [127] | 51 | 25 | NR | NR | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Tang, 2022 | [128] | 10 | NR | 20–25 | NR | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Mahfouz, 2017 | [129] | 52 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Hernandez-Ortega, 2017j | [130] | 119 | 62 | Children: 3–6, adults: < 25 | Android | Age | In-lab | Structured |
Miguel-Hurtado, 2016x | [131] | 116 | 59 | 18–35 | Android | Sex | In-lab | Structured |
Wang, 2020i,v | [132] | 100 | NR | 20–30 | NR | ID | NR | NR |
Inguanez, 2016 | [133] | 32 | 10 | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Zhu, 2017 | [134] | 20 | 5 | 18–43 | Android | ID | Free-living | Structured |
Cheng, 2013 | [135] | 100 | NR | NR | Android | ID | Free-living | Free-use |
Gunn, 2018i | [136] | 100 | NR | NR | NR | ID | Free-living & in-lab | Free-use and structured |
Wang, 2021 | [137] | 11 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Abate, 2016 | [138] | 100 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Acien, 2020w | [139] | 600 | 197 | < 20– > 50* | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Anusas-Amornkul, 2019 | [140] | 20 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Temper, 2016 | [141] | 25 | 9 | 19–65 | Android | ID | Free-living | Structured |
Roy, 2019 | [142] | 92 | NR | 7–65 | Android | Age, Gender | In-lab | Structured |
Shrestha, 2016 | [143] | 20 | 3 | 25–35 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Cascone, 2022y,z,2 | [144] | 243 | 148 | 7–65 | Android | Gender, Age | In-lab | Structured |
Temper, 2015 | [145] | 22 | NR | 15–60 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Frank, 2013 | [146] | 41 | 7 | 10–69 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Wantanabe, 2013 | [147] | 5 | NR | NR | iOS | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Volaka, 2019i | [148] | 100 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Brown, 2020 | [149] | 1 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Sharma, 2017 | [150] | 42 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Free-use |
Kroeze, 2016 | [151] | 30 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Free-use |
Filippov, 2018 | [152] | 21 | NR | NR | NR | ID | In-lab | Free-use |
Karakaya, 2019i | [153] | 100 | NR | NR | NR | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Serwadda, 2013 | [154] | 190 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Buriro, 2016 | [155] | 30 | 8 | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | NR |
Shen, 2016 | [156] | 48 | 19 | 18–50 | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |
Stylios, 2022 | [157] | 39 | NR | NR | Android | ID | In-lab | Structured |