Table 1 Participant characteristics in the selected studies

Sico/2017 [23]

America

Randomized trials

303

Development: 70.8 ± 9.9

Validation: 60.7 ± 9.9

Patient with ischemic stroke; history with hypertension

2004–2008

Hospital

Acute or subacute

Brown/2020 [25]

America

Cross-sectional study

1330

65.0 ±12.6

Patients with stroke; ≥ 45 years old

2010–2018

Acute care hospital

Acute

Boulos/2019 [29]

Canada

Cross-sectional study

231

64.4 ± 15.3

Outpatients with ischemic

Stroke; English speaking;

4/2011–7/2017

Stroke prevention clinic

No restriction

Katzan/2016 [27]

America

Retrospective cohort

208

55.4 ± 14.1

Patients with stroke

1/2011–12/2012

Cerebrovascular clinic

No restriction

Bernardini/2021 [21]

Italy

Cross-sectional study

30

Not mentioned

Patient with cerebrovascular event

8/2019–7/2020

Stroke unit

Acute

Zhang/2019 [22]

China

Cross-sectional study

124

62.6 ± 12.6

Patients with stroke

6/2016–5/2017

Neurology unit

Acute

Boulos/2016 [24]

Canada

Cross-sectional study

69

68.3 ± 14.2

Patients with stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic)

7/2014–6/2015

Stroke unit or stroke prevention clinic

Acute and subacute

Petrie/2021 [26]

America

Retrospective cohort

344

59.0 ± 11.8

Patients with acute stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage

10/2014–10/2015

Stroke unit

Acute

Šiarnik/2020 [31]

Slovakia

Cross-sectional study

120

Development: 67.2 ± 9.1

Validation: 62.4 ± 13.3

Patients with acute ischemic stroke

Not mentioned

Stroke unit

Acute

Camilo/2014 [28]

Brazil

Cross-sectional study

39

63.2 ± 12.2

Patients with first ischemic stroke > 18 years old

Not mentioned

Emergency unit

Acute

Srijithesh/2011 [30]

India

Cross-sectional study

39

56.5

Patients with hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke

Not mentioned

Neurology unit

Subacute