Table 1 Two-dimensional categorization for retraction reasons
Items | Academic misconduct | No academic misconduct |
|---|---|---|
Scientific errors | Falsification/fabrication (data, image, results); manipulation (images, results); plagiarism (data, image); sabotage (materials, methods); fake peer review | Concerns/issues (data, image, results); contamination (cell lines/tissues, materials, reagents); error (analyses, cell lines/tissues, data, materials, methods, results/conclusions); results not reproducible; unreliable (data, image, results) |
No scientific errors | Duplication (article, data, image, text); euphemisms (duplication, misconduct, plagiarism); forged authorship; misconduct (official investigation/finding, author, company/institution, third party); plagiarism (article, text) | Author unresponsive, breach of policy (author, third party); complaints (author, company/institution, third party); concerns/issues (authorship, referencing/attributions, third party involvement); conflict of interest; error (journal/publisher, third party, text) |