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Table 2 Quality of evidence according to GRADE approach

From: Effect of glycemic control on cognitive function in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Outcome indicator

No. studies (participants)

SMD (95%CI)

Bia of risk

Inconsistency

Indirectness

Imprecision

Publication bias

Evidence quality

FSIQ

4 (253)

−0.79[−1.42, −0.17]

Not serious

Serious a

Not serious

Not serious

None c

Very low

VIQ

2 (118)

−1.03[−2.20, 0.13]

Not serious

Serious a

Not serious

Serious b

None c

Very low

Memory

6 (351)

−0.41[−0.82, 0.00]

Not serious

Serious a

Not serious

Not serious

None c

Very low

Attention

2 (96)

−0.26[−0.69, 0.16]

Not serious

Not serious

Not serious

Serious b

None c

Very low

  1. GRADE Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation, SMD standardized mean difference, CI confidence interval; Explanations: a, greater heterogeneity in combined results, I2 > 50%; b, the optimal information size was not achieved in the meta-analysis; c, publication bias could not be investigated due to the small number of included studies (<10)