Table 3 Studies assessing RR during meditation compared to baseline in LTMs
From: Respiratory function in healthy long-term meditators: a systematic review
Study | RR measured at | Study findings | Mean/SD, effect estimates and confidence intervals |
|---|---|---|---|
Sukhsohale and Phatak, 2012 [26] | Baseline, during meditation at 2-time points (at 15 minutes of meditation and 30 minutes of meditation) | RR significantly decreased during meditation both at 15 minutes and 30 minutes of meditation compared to baseline. | a). RR at 15 minutes of meditation vs. baseline; [SMD= −0.4, overall effect= 2.41 (p= 0.02), 95% CI (−0.73 to −0.08)] b). RR at 30 minutes of meditation vs. baseline; [SMD= −0.5, overall effect = 2.97 (p=0.003), 95% CI (−0.83 to −0.17)] |
Kodituwakku et al., 2012 [23] | Baseline, during meditation at 3 time points (early, middle, and late; each 8 minutes) | RR decreased during meditation at all 3 time intervals (early, middle, late) compared to the baseline reporting the highest level of significance in the early phase (p<0.001). | a). RR at early phase of meditation vs. baseline; [SMD= −7.19, overall effect= 6.25 (p<0.00001), 95% CI (−9.45 to −4.94)] b). RR at middle phase of meditation vs. baseline; [SMD= −0.51, overall effect= 1.28 (p=0.2), 95% CI (−1.29 to 0.27)] c). RR at late phase of meditation vs. baseline; [SMD=−0.48, overall effect= 1.2 (p=0.23), 95% CI (−1.26 to 0.3)] |
Wallance and Benson, 1972 [6] | Baseline, during meditation | RR decreased during meditation compared to the baseline. | MD= 2 breaths/minute; (mean/SD data, level of significance not reported) |
Telles, Nagarathna and Nagendra, 1995 [25] | Baseline, during meditation | No significant difference in RR during meditation compared to baseline. | a). RR during meditation = (mean ±SD, 10.4 ±3.3), b). Baseline RR = (mean ±SD, 10.8 ±3.6); [MD= −0.4, overall effect =0.22 (p= 0.83), 95% CI = 3.22] |
Telles and Desiraju, 1993 [21] | Baseline, during meditation | No significant difference in RR during meditation compared to the proceeding baseline. | Pre-meditation RR= (mean ±SD; 12.1 +2.4 breaths/40s), during meditation period-with target thinking; = (mean ±SD; 13.4 +3.5 breaths/40s) [MD= 1.3, overall effect =1.3 (p= 0.19), 95% CI = 3.26] |