Table 3 Detailed strategies by trial stage: Participant outreach (116 articles)

Staff training/characteristics (43 articles)

 Race/ethnicity concordant staff

20

 Sex/gender concordant staff

12

 Bilingual staffing

9

 Communication training

6

 Race/ethnicity (awareness?) training

4

 Sex/gender awareness training

1

 Trauma-informed care training

1

 Other unspecified staff training

20

Location for outreach efforts (74 articles)

 Clinic (e.g., women’s health clinic, primary care, inpatient service)

51

 Community locations (e.g., housing projects, senior centers, schools, women-only fitness centers, hair salon, library, breastfeeding support group)

51

 Churches

28

 Health fairs

20

Partners for the recruitment process (74 articles)

 Clinicians

61

 Peer/laypersons

30

 Support from a community leader/organization

3

 Public relations agency consultation

3

 Community partner referrals

2

 Payment to community partners for referrals

2

Modality of recruitment advertisements (98 articles)

 Public advertisement (posters, flyers, bus ads)

59

 Direct contact (emails, letters, texting)

57

 Mass Media (newspaper, magazines, radio, TV, newsletters, PSA)

60

 Online/social media/mobile app

35

 Word of mouth

24

 Group information sessions

26

 Direct outreach to clinicians

27

 Toll-free hotline

3

Registries (16 articles)

 Use of disease-specific registry

12

 Public registries

4

Tailoring of patient-facing recruitment materials (40 articles)

 Message tailoring

35

 Image choice

14

 Participant testimonial including

5

 Bilingual materials

8

Other^a(8 articles)

 Automatic medical record algorithm, communication training for referring clinicians, access to an interpreter, study logo on swag, creation of outreach toolkit, existing list-serves, dedicated study phone line, campus electronic sign, hand-writing letters, reallocation of funding for advertisement