Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Study | Country | Design | Time period | Surgery | N | Mean age | Female, % | Time point of the VIS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pediatrics | ||||||||
Gaies et al., 2010 [1] | USA | Retrospective Single-central | 2007–2008 | CHD surgery with CPB | 173 | 0 to 6 mon | 45 | VIS 24 h, VIS 48 h (mean, max) after cardiac surgery |
Dilli et al., 2019 [3] | Turkey | Prospective cohort Single-central | 2016–2019 | Cardiac surgery | 119 | 15 (9–31) days | 46.70 | VIS 72 after cardiac surgery |
Pérez-Navero et al., 2019 [2] | Spain | Prospective observational study | N/A | CHD surgery | 117 | 39.8 ± 52.4 mon | N/A | VIS2, 12, 24, and 48 h after cardiac surgery |
Davidson et al., 2012 [8] | USA | Prospective Single-central | 2009–2010 | Cardiovascular surgery | 70 | N/A | 39 | VIS 24, VIS 48 (max), VIS 72 h after surgery |
Scherer et al., 2016 [24] | USA | Prospective Single-central | 2015–2015 | CHD surgery | 164 | 9.03 (2.6–58) mon | 38 | VIS 6 h, VIS 12 h, VIS 24 h, VIS 48 h after cardiac surgery |
Tadros et al., 2020 [25] | USA | Retrospective Single-central | 2011–2018 | Heart transplantation | 104 | 7.2 (0.5–15.4) yr | 38.5 | VIS 24 h,VIS 48 h (mean, max) after orthotopic heart transplantation |
Garcia et al., 2016 [9] | USA | Retrospective Single-center | 2008–2014 | CHD surgery | 149 | 14.8 ± 2.4 yr | 34.9 | VIS 48 h (max) after surgery |
Kim et al., 2015 [26] | Korea | Retrospective Single-central | 2005–2012 | ASO for TGA | 115 | 6 (1–90) days | 30.4 | VIS before operation |
Parmar et al., 2017 [27] | India | Prospective Single-central | 2015–2016 | Ventricular septal defect closure | 135 | 26.7 mon | 45.2 | VIS during intraoperative |
Butts et al., 2012 [23] | USA | Retrospective secondary analysis of RCT Single-central | 2007–2009 | Cardiac surgery | 76 | 7 days | NA | VIS 36 h (max) after surgery |
Bangalore et al., 2017 [28] | USA | Retrospective Single-central | 2010–2011 | Cardiac surgery with CPB | 167 | 2.9 ± 6.0 yr | 47 | VISmean 24 h, VIS 24 h (max), VIS 48 h (max), VISmean 48 h after surgery |
Little et al., 2014 [29] | USA | Retrospective Single-central | 2001–2010 | Norwood operation | 64 | 6.5 (5–8) days | 35.3 | VIS 48 h (max) after surgery |
Crow et al., 2014 [30] | USA | Retrospective Single-central | 2002–2011 | CHD surgery | 255 | 122 (0–362) days | 41.6 | VIS0–72 h (max) after surgery |
Raatz et al., 2019 [31] | Germany | Retrospective Single-central | 2014–2016 | CHD surgery | 745 | 7 (2–55) mon | 42.3 | VIS 0, VIS 48 ,VIS 72 h after surgery |
Kuraim et al., 2018 [32] | Canada | Prospective Single-central | 2003–2012 | Cardiac surgery | 565 | 38.7 weeks | 38 | VIS pre-operative, VIS 24 h (max) post-operative |
Beken et al., 2021 [33] | Turkey | Retrospective Single-central | 2015–2018 | Cardiac surgery | 199 | 2 (1–7) days | 31.7 | VIS 24 h (max) after surgery |
Luo et al., 2020 [34] | China | Retrospective Single-central | 2010–2018 | TCPC surgery with CPB | 504 | 2.3–36 yr | NA | VIS (max) during surgery |
Zhang et al., 2018 [35] | China | Retrospective Single-central | 2010–2017 | ALCAPA surgery | 71 | 12 (8.8–48) mon | 40.8 | VIS (max) during surgery |
Schroeder et al., 2018 [21] | Germany | Retrospective Single-central | 2013–2015 | Congenital diaphragmatic hernia | 34 | 7.15 days | 23.5 | VIS 24 h (mean) before extubation |
Kulyabin et al., 2020 [22] | Russia | Prospective randomized study Single-central | 2016–2019 | Aortic arch reconstruction | 45 | 3–30 days | NA | VIS 24 h, VIS 48 h, VIS 36 h after surgery |
Chen et al., 2020 [36] | China | Retrospective Single-central | 2012–2016 | VA-ECMO-treated CABG for PCS | 121 | 624 (55–67) mon | 21 | VIS 6 h before ECMO cannulation |
Miletic et al., 2015 [37] | USA | Retrospective Single-central | 2009–2013 | Cardiac surgery with CPB | 222 | 107.7 (3–358) days | 47 | VIS 0 h, VIS 48 h after surgery |
Murin et al., 2020 [38] | Germany | Retrospective Single-central | 2014–2018 | CHD surgery with CPB | 615 | NA | NA | VIS 24 h after surgery |
Ödek et al., 2016 [39] | Turkey | Prospective Single-central | 2012–2014 | Cardiac surgery for CHD | 99 | 13 (3–192) mon | 48 | VIS at PICU admission |
Sanil et al., 2013 [40] | USA | Retrospective Single-center | 2004–2010 | Heart transplant surgery | 51 | 1.3 yr | 51 | max VIS 24 h, VIS 48 h after OHT |
Gaies et al., 2014 [41] | USA | Prospective, multi-center | 2011–2012 | Cardiac surgery with CPB | 391 | 84 (9–165) days | 45 | VIS 48 h after surgery |
Kumar et al., 2014 [42] | India | Retrospective Single-center | 2012–2013 | Cardiac surgery for CHD | 208 | 66.94 mon | 27.9 | max VIS 48 h after surgery |
Kulyabin et al., 2020 [43] | Russia | Retrospective Single-center | 2008–2018 | Aortic arch reconstruction with CPB | 121 | 29 (3–270) days | 42.5 | VIS 24 h after surgery |
Alam et al., 2018 [44] | India | Prospective Single-central | 2015–2015 | Surgery for CHD with or without CPB | 574 | < 1 yr | 41.1 | VIS after surgery |
Tabbutt et al., 2019 [45] | USA | Retrospective Multi-center | 2014–2016 | Cardiac surgery | 8543 | NA | 44.9 | max VIS 2 h after surgery |
SooHoo et al., 2018 [46] | USA | Retrospective Single-center | 2009–2015 | Norwood operation (stage I palliation) | 95 | 4.5 (3–6.5) days | 32.6 | VIS 0 h, VIS2 4 h, VIS 48 h, max VIS 7 h after surgery |
Campbell et al., 2020 [47] | USA | Prospective Single-central | 2012–2016 | Cardiac surgery with CPB | 34 | 2.5 (0.6–12.0) yr | 47 | VIS 2 h, VIS 2–24 h, VIS 24–48 h post-CPB |
Talwar et al., 2018 [48] | India | Retrospective Single-center | 2003–2013 | Bidirectional Glenn procedure | 215 | 5.29 ± 5 yr | 29 | VIS 24–72 h after surgery |
Ödek et al., 2018 [49] | Turkey | Retrospective Single-center | 2008–2013 | Cardiac surgery | 126 | 10 (1.5–168) mon | 50.8 | VIS at PICU admission |
Sun et al., 2022 [50] | China | Retrospective Single-center | 2021–2021 | Cardiac surgery | 401 | 26 (10,45) mon | 53.4 | VIS‐operatively and VIS 2 h, VIS 24 h, VIS 48 h postoperatively |
Lex et al., 2016 [51] | Australia | Secondary analysis of a single-central prospective | 2004–2008 | Cardiac surgery | 1520 | NA | 39.1 | VIS 72 h after surgery |
Algaze et al., 2017 [52] | USA | Retrospective Single-center | 2004–2012 | Extracardiac Fontan operation with or without CPB | 138 | 3.4 (3.15–4.4) yr | 29.7 | VIS 0 days after surgery |
Siehr et al., 2016 [53] | USA | Retrospective Single-center | 2009–2012 | Stage 1 surgical palliation consisting of a modified Norwood procedure with right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit | 32 | 4.6 5± 2.75 days | 56.3 | VIS 72 h after cardiac surgery |
Asfari et al., 2021 [54] | USA | Retrospective Single-center | 2012–2018 | Cardiac surgery with CPB | 121 | 9 (6–28) days | NA | VIS 0 h, VIS 12 h, VIS 24 h, VIS 36 h, VIS 48 h, VIS 60 h after surgery |
Yokota et al., 2022 [55] | USA | Retrospective Single-center | 2014–2020 | Cardiothoracic surgery with Williams syndrome | 70 | 1.75 (0.7–3.4) yr | 37.1 | VIS 1 h, VIS 6 h, VIS 12 h, VIS 24 h after surgery |
Zhang et al., 2020 [56] | China | Retrospective Single-center | 2010–2018 | Isolated systemic pulmonary shunt | 451 | NA | 48.1 | VIS 24 h after surgery |
Radbill et al., 2022 [57] | USA | Prospective Single-central | 2007–2019 | CHD surgery | 1250 | 8.2±5.8 yr | 48.7 | max VIS 48 h after surgery |
Adults | ||||||||
Yamazaki et al., 2018 [11] | Japan | Retrospective Single-center | 2009–2012 | Cardiac surgery with CPB | 129 | 61.7 ±17.5 yr | 50 | At the end of cardiac surgery |
Koponen et al., 2019 [10] | Finland | Retrospective Single-center | 2010–2014 | Cardiac surgery | 3213 | 68 (19–90) yr | 27 | The first 24 h after ICU arrival |
Han et al., 2021 [58] | China | Retrospective Single-center | 2015–2021 | Cardiac surgery | 90 | 58.0 ±10.7yr | 37.8 | VIS on the first postoperative day and at the start of RRT |
Kwon et al., 2022 [59] | Korea | Retrospective Single-center | 2010–2016 | Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting | 2149 | 64.0 (57.0–71.0) yr | 22.2 | max VIS 48 after surgery |
Caballero et al., 2015 [60] | Spain | Retrospective, Multi-center | 2000–2009 | Emergency heart transplant | 390 | 50 ± 12 yr | 19 | VIS preoperative |
Baysal et al., 2021 [61] | Turkey | Prospective Single-central | 2018–2019 | Elective on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting | 290 | 62.5 (37–86) yr | 23 | VIS at the end of the operation |
Jiang et al., 2022 [62] | China | Retrospective Single-central | 2013–2021 | CRRT-therapy patients with cardiac surgery | 84 | 61.0 ± 13.3yr | 32.1 | VIS 24 h after surgery, VIS 2 h before and after CRRT |
Knight et al., 2022 [63] | USA | Retrospective Single-central | 2013–2017 | BOLTx | 245 | 53 ± 14 yr | 45.7 | max VIS intraoperative |
Liu et al., 2018 [64] | China | Retrospective Single-central | 2013–2014 | Cardiac surgery | 112 | 59.4 ±11.5 yr | 35.7 | VIS before commencing NIV |
Carmona et al., 2020 [65] | France | Retrospective Single-central | 2010–2018 | LVAD implantation | 68 | 59.6 ± 13.4 yr | 14.7 | VIS 24 h after surgery |
Poterucha et al., 2019 [66] | USA | Retrospective Single-central | 2002–2013 | Cardiac surgery | 247 | 33 (18–83) yr | 58.7 | max VIS 24 h, VIS 48 h after surgery |
Sunavsky et al., 2018 [67] | Germany | Retrospective Single-central | 2005–2016 | Urgent listing for a heart transplant† | 434 | 50 (40.58) yr | 21.4 | VIS at the time of high urgent registration |
Lim et al., 2017 [68] | Korea | Retrospective Single-central | 2007–2015 | Cardiac surgery | 160 | 66.6 ± 8.6 yr | 43.8 | VIS 24 h following surgery |
Hou et al., 2021 [69] | China | Retrospective Single-central | 2017–2019 | Cardiovascular surgery | 1935 | 62 (54–69) yr | 44.9 | max VIS 24 h after surgery |
Singh et al., 2022 [70] | India | Retrospective Single-central | 2015–2020 | OPCABG | 687 | 64.2 ± 9.1 yr | 18.1 | VIS (mean) intra-, and postoperative |
Han et al., 2019 [71] | USA | Retrospective Single-central | 2004–2015 | LVAD implantation | 418 | 58 ±13 yr | 17.9 | VIS intra-, and postoperative |