Table 1 Evidence map on the four categories of LSR guidance

Brooker 2019 [3]

Guidance for the production and publication of Cochrane living systematic reviews: Cochrane Reviews in living mode

To provide detailed guidance on the production and publication process of a Cochrane living systematic review

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Crequit 2020 [13]

Future of evidence ecosystem series: 2. current opportunities and need for better tools and methods

To consider how the access to new sources and data types and the recent developments of new methods, technologies, and tools presents a great opportunity to create and sustain an ecosystem designed to support the production of updated high-quality evidence syntheses

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Elliott 2014 [1]

Living Systematic Reviews: An Emerging Opportunity to Narrow the Evidence-Practice Gap

To describe several recent developments that have the potential to improve dramatically the efficiency of conventional SRs and enable the widespread production of LSRs

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Elliott 2017 [14]

Living systematic review: 1. Introduction—the why, what, when, and how

To introduce what LSRs are and discuss the main issues in LSRs, including searching, updating scenarios, production processes, editorial and peer review, and publication

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Harrington 2021 [15]

COVID-19 Technology-Enabled Living Systematic Reviews to Enhance Knowledge Translation

To provide details on how machine learning can be used for LSR and nursing implications

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Kahale 2021 [11]

Tailored PRISMA 2020 flow diagrams for living systematic reviews: a methodological survey and a proposal

To assess how published LSRs report on the flow of studies through the different phases of the review for the different updates and to propose an approach for documentation and reporting

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Lansky 2020 [16]

Living Systematic Reviews and Other Approaches for Updating Evidence

To introduce a new method for updating SRs called “living” SRs and indications for updating

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Lerner 2019 [17]

Automatic screening using word embeddings achieved high sensitivity and workload reduction for updating living network meta-analyses

To develop and evaluate an algorithm for automatically screening citations when updating living network meta-analysis (NMA)

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MacDonald 2020 [18]

Living systematic reviews at The BMJ

To give insights into how living SRs (in fast-moving research areas) at The BMJ will be handled by the research team and of their usual methodological standards

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Millard 2019 [19]

Feasibility and acceptability of living systematic reviews: results from a mixed-methods evaluation

To provide details on the feasibility of LSRs, barriers, and facilitators

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Negrini 2021 [20]

A systematic review that is “rapid” and “living”: A specific answer to the COVID-19 pandemic

To describe “rapid living” systematic reviews, an innovative methodological design used to systematically synthesize emerging evidence in the field of rehabilitation during the COVID-19 pandemic

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Page 2020 [4]

The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews

To provide an updated guideline for reporting SRs with the PRISMA 2020 checklist and statement

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Ravaud 2020 [21]

Future of evidence ecosystem series: 3. From an evidence synthesis ecosystem to an

evidence ecosystem

To introduce a new approach and innovative solution to the current problems of need to provide up-to-date evidence synthesis for a specific clinical question

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Simmonds 2017 [22]

Living systematic reviews: 3. Statistical methods for updating meta-analyze

To compare and consider the application of four methods to avoid specific statistical problems when updating meta-analyses for LSRs

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Slaugther 2015 [23]

Enabling Living Systematic Reviews and Clinical Guidelines through Semantic Technologies

To provide a brief review of various efforts to produce semantic technologies for sharing and reusing content from clinical investigations (RCTs and other clinical primary studies)

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Ter Schure 2019 [24]

Accumulation bias in meta-analysis: the need to consider time in error control

To investigate various ways in which time influences error control in meta-analysis testing and to introduce an Accumulation Bias Framework

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Thomas 2017 [25]

Living systematic reviews: 2. Combining human and machine effort

To specifically focus on ways in which the use of new human and machine “technologies” can make the standard SR process more efficient

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Thomas 2021 [26]

Cochrane Handbook Chapter 22: Prospective approaches to accumulating evidence

To provide detailed guidance on prospective approaches to accumulating evidence for LSRs

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Vergara-Merino 2020 [27]

Living systematic review: new inputs and challenges

To describe LSR’s relevance, the considerations that should be taken when producing one, and the challenges proper of this type of review

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Winters 2020 [28]

Stay alive! What are living systematic reviews and what are their advantages and challenges?

To introduce living SRs and to discuss its advantages and challenges

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Xu 2020 [29]

A brief INTRODUCTION to living systematic reviews (Chinese)

To introduce the development, characteristics, conditions, implementation, and applications of living systematic reviews

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Total number

17/21

6/21

15/21

2/21