Table 1 The criteria for GDM used in the various studies

1999 WHO criteria [18]:

Women with impaired glucose tolerance (2-h plasma glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/l (140 mg/dl) and < 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl)) or diabetes mellitus (2-h glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl)) both categorized as having GDM

2006 WHO-criteria [19]:

Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl) or 2-h 75 g OGTT plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl)

2013 WHO/IADPSG criteria [20, 21]:

Fasting glucose 5.1–6.9 mmol/l (92–124 mg/dl) or 1-h plasma glucose ≥ 10.0 mmol/l (180 mg/dl) or 2-h plasma glucose 8.5–11.0 mmol/l (153–198 mg/dl) following a 75-g OGTT

Carpenter and Coustan criteria [22]:

5.3 mmol/l (95 mg/dl), 10.0 mmol/l (180 mg/dl), 8.6 mmol/l (155 mg/dl), and 7.8 mmol/l (140 mg/dl) plasma glucose values for fasting, 1-h, 2-h, and 3-h respectively after 100 g OGTT

1998 Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society criteria [23]:

Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 5.5 mmol/l (99 mg/dl), or 2-h glucose ≥ 8.0 mmol/l (144 mg/dl) on a 75-g OGTT, or a glucose challenge test result ≥ 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl)