Table 4 Summary of findings
Measurement property | PROM | Summary | Overall rating | Quality of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Content validity | MMAS-8 [28, 41, 47, 57, 61, 67, 68, 73, 76, 86, 88, 91, 93, 100, 104, 108], MTA – OA [32], MTA – Insulin [32], MARS-5 [77], ARMS-12 [44, 106, 123, 132], MTA [105], ARMS-7 [127], MEDS [114], IADMAS [38], GMAS [128, 129, 134, 136], ProMAS [130], A-14 [131], 12-item questionnaire [66], and Mascard [113] | Relevance, Comprehensiveness, and Comprehensibility with inconsistent results | ± | No information |
MGT [52] | Sufficient relevance, sufficient comprehensiveness and sufficient comprehensibility | + | Moderate | |
Structural validity | MMAS-8 [28, 35, 39, 40, 46, 47, 50, 55, 57, 61, 62, 67, 68, 73, 79, 80, 86,87,88, 93, 100, 108, 110] | CFA: Tested one and two factor solutions. One factor presented five studies ' + ', two studies '-' and one study '?'. Two factors presented two studies ' + '. EFA: Solutions varying from one to four factors with results ' + ', '-' and '?'. IRT: one study '-' and one study '?' | ± | No information |
EFA: One factor solution in one study '?'. Two factor solution in one study '?' | ? | No information | ||
MEDS [114] | CFA: One factor solution in one study ' + ' | + | High | |
MNPS [115] | CFA: One factor solution in one study ' + ' | + | High | |
DMAS-7 [31] | EFA: Three factor solution in one study ' + ' | + | Moderate | |
CFA: Two factor solution in one study ' + '. EFA: Two factor solution in two studies ' + ' and one study '-'. Three factor solution in one study '-' | ± | No information | ||
Structural validity | EFA: One factor solution in two studies ' + ', one study '-' and one study '?'. CFA: One factor solution in one study ' + ' | ± | No information | |
EFA: Four factor solution in one study ' + '. Three factor solution in one study ' + ' | ± | No information | ||
MTA [72] | CFA: One factor solution in one study '-' | - | High | |
CFA: One factor solution in one study ' + '. EFA: One factor solution in two studies '?'. IRT: One study ' + ' | + | Moderate | ||
ARMS-10 [75] | EFA: Two factor solution in one study ' + ' | + | Moderate | |
ARMS-D [37] | EFA: Two factor solution in one study ' + ' | + | Moderate | |
EFA: Three factor solution in three studies ' + '. CFA: Three factor solution in four studies ' + ' and one study '-'. IRT: One study ' + ' | + | High | ||
ProMAS [130] | IRT: One study ' + ' | + | High | |
ARMS-7 [127] | EFA: Two factor solution in one study ' + '. CFA: Two factor solution in one study ' + ' | + | High | |
Mascard [113] | EFA: Three factor solution in one study '-' | - | Moderate | |
Internal consistency | MMAS-8 [28, 30, 35, 39,40,41, 46,47,48, 50, 55, 57, 58, 60,61,62, 67, 68, 73, 76, 79, 80, 84, 86,87,88, 91, 93, 94, 99,100,101, 104, 108, 121, 124] | Cronbach alpha lower than 0.7 in 22 studies. Cronbach alpha equal or higher than 0.7 in 14 studies. Sample size: 10,472 | ? | No information |
Cronbach alpha lower than 0.7 in two studies. Sample size: 66 | ? | No information | ||
MEDS [114] | Cronbach alpha equal or higher than 0.7 in one study. Sample size: 685 | + | High | |
Internal consistency | MNPS [115] | Cronbach alpha equal or higher than 0.7 in one study. Sample size: 675 | + | High |
Cronbach alpha lower than 0.7 in two studies. Sample size: 800 | - | Moderate | ||
Cronbach alpha lower than 0.7 in at least one subscale in 3 studies. Cronbach alpha equal or higher than 0.7 in 1 study. Sample size: 1,220 | ? | No information | ||
Cronbach alpha lower than 0.7 in seven studies. Cronbach alpha equal or higher than 0.7 in two studies. Sample size: 8,382 | ? | No information | ||
MTA – OA [32] | Cronbach alpha equal or higher than 0.7 in one study. Sample size: 90 | ? | No information | |
MTA – Insulin [32] | Cronbach alpha lower than 0.7 in one study. Sample size: 90 | ? | No information | |
Cronbach alpha lower than 0.7 in at least one subscale in one study. Cronbach alpha equal or higher than 0.7 in one study. Sample size: 577 | ? | No information | ||
Cronbach alpha lower than 0.7 in two studies. Cronbach alpha equal or higher than 0.7 in one study. Sample size: 701 | ? | No information | ||
Cronbach alpha lower than 0.7 in two studies. Cronbach alpha equal or higher than 0.7 in two studies. Sample size: 1,783 | + | High | ||
Cronbach alpha equal or higher than 0.7 in two studies. Sample size: 119 | ? | No information | ||
Internal consistency | ARMS-10 [75] | Cronbach alpha equal or higher than 0.7 in one study. Sample size: 120 | + | Very low |
Cronbach alpha lower than 0.7 in three studies. Sample size: 279 | ? | No information | ||
ARMS-D [37] | Cronbach alpha equal or higher than 0.7 in one study. Sample size: 314 | + | High | |
IADMAS [38] | Cronbach alpha equal or higher than 0.7 in one study. Sample size: 80 | ? | No information | |
Cronbach alpha lower than 0.7 in at least one subscale in five studies. Cronbach alpha equal or higher than 0.7 in one study. Sample size: 1,487 | - | High | ||
MAQ [97] | Cronbach alpha equal or higher than 0.7 in one study. Sample size: 20 | ? | No information | |
ProMAS [130] | Cronbach alpha equal or higher than 0.7 in one study. Sample size: 370 | + | High | |
ARMS-7 [127] | Cronbach alpha lower than 0.7 in at least one subscale in one study. Sample size: 100 | - | Moderate | |
AS [112] | Cronbach alpha higher than 0.7 in one study. Sample size: 201 | ? | No information | |
12-item questionnaire [66] | Cronbach alpha higher than 0.7 in one study. Sample size: 30 | ? | No information | |
Mascard [113] | Cronbach alpha lower than 0.7 in one study. Sample size: 219 | ? | No information | |
Reliability | MMAS-8 [41, 46, 47, 50, 55, 60,61,62, 76, 79, 82, 86,87,88, 93, 94, 104] | ICC and/or kappa lower than 0.7 in three studies; ICC or kappa equal or higher than 0.7 in ten studies; four studies did not report ICC or Kappa; sample size: 1,211 | + | Low |
ICC not reported (one study); ICC = 0.97 (one study). sample size: 295 | + | Low | ||
ICC not reported (three studies); sample size: 325 | ? | No information | ||
ICC not reported (two studies); sample size: 291 | ? | No information | ||
ARMS-10 [75] | ICC = 0.86 (one study); sample size = 120 | + | Low | |
ICC not reported (three studies); sample size: 273 | ? | No information | ||
IADMAS [38] | ICC not reported (one study); sample size: 24 | ? | No information | |
ICC range 0.26—0.78 (one study); ICC not reported (three studies); sample size: 673 | - | Moderate | ||
MAQ [97] | ICC = 0.98 (one study); sample size = 20 | + | Very low | |
ARMS-7 [127] | ICC range 0.76—0.80 (one study); sample size: 100 | + | Very low | |
Criterion validity | MMAS-8 [30, 39, 41, 43, 46,47,48, 53, 57,58,59, 67, 76, 79, 80, 84, 87, 90, 99,100,101, 103, 108, 121, 124] | AUC lower than 0.7 in four studies. Correlation coefficient lower than 0.7 in nine studies. Sensititivity and/or specificity equal or lower than 50% in seven studies. Sensititivity and specificity higher than 50% in eight studies. Not presented the expected measures in three studies | - | Low |
Criterion validity | Correlation coefficient lower than 0.7 in one study. Not presented the expected measures in one study | - | Very low | |
MEDS [114] | Not presented the expected measures (one study) | ? | No information | |
MNPS [115] | Not presented the expected measures (one study) | ? | No information | |
AUC lower than 0.7 in two studies | - | High | ||
AUC equal or higher than 0.7 in one study. Correlation coefficient lower than 0.7 in one study. Not presented the expected measures (one study) | ± | No information | ||
MGT [51, 53, 54, 56, 69, 78, 81, 85, 89, 95, 96, 102, 107, 110, 118, 122] | AUC lower than 0.7 in three studies. Correlation coefficient lower than 0.7 in three studies. Sensititivity and/or specificity equal or lower than 50% in ten studies. Not presented the expected measures in two studies | - | Low | |
LMAS-14 [71] | Sensititivity and/or specificity equal or lower than 50% in one study | ? | No information | |
AUC lower than 0.7 in one study. Correlation coefficient lower than 0.7 in two studies. Sensititivity and/or specificity equal or lower than 50% in one study. Sensititivity and specificity higher than 50% in one study | - | High | ||
AUC lower than 0.7 in one study. Correlation coefficient equal or higher than 0.7 in one study. Not presented the expected measures in one study | ± | No information | ||
Correlation coefficient lower than 0.7 in one study. Sensititivity and/or specificity equal or lower than 50% in two studies | - | High | ||
ARMS-D [37] | Correlation coefficient lower than 0.7 in one study | - | High | |
Criterion validity | IADMAS [38] | Correlation coefficient lower than 0.7 in one study. Sensititivity and/or specificity equal or lower than 50% in one study | - | Moderate |
Sensititivity and/or specificity higher than 50% in two studies. Not presented the expected measures in two studies | ? | No information | ||
5-item questionnaire [109] | Correlation coefficient lower than 0.7 in one study. Sensititivity and/or specificity equal or lower than 50% in one study | - | High | |
3-item questionnaire [137] | Sensititivity and/or specificity equal or lower than 50% in one study | ? | No information | |
Mascard [113] | Sensititivity and/or specificity equal or lower than 50% in one study | ? | No information | |
Hypotheses testing | MMAS-8 [39, 41, 46,47,48, 50, 55, 60, 67, 73, 80, 86, 87, 99, 100, 103, 104] | 27 out of 38 hypotheses confirmed (seventeen studies) | ± | No information |
MEDS [114] | 2 out of 2 hypotheses confirmed (one study) | + | High | |
5 out of 5 hypotheses confirmed (two studies) | + | High | ||
17 out of 21 hypotheses confirmed (three studies) | + | High | ||
8 out of 17 hypotheses confirmed (seven studies) | ± | No information | ||
MTA – OA [32] | 2 out of 2 hypotheses confirmed (one study) | + | Very low | |
MTA – Insulin [32] | 2 out of 2 hypotheses confirmed (one study) | + | Very low | |
LMAS-14 [71] | 1 out of 1 hypotheses confirmed (one study) | + | Low | |
5 out of 12 hypotheses confirmed (two studies) | ± | No information | ||
Hypotheses testing | 4 out of 6 hypotheses confirmed (three studies) | ± | No information | |
3 out of 3 hypotheses confirmed (two studies) | + | High | ||
10 out of 10 hypotheses confirmed (three studies) | + | Low | ||
ARMS-D [37] | 9 out of 9 hypotheses confirmed (one study) | + | High | |
IADMAS [38] | 4 out of 4 hypotheses confirmed (one study) | + | Moderate | |
12 out of 14 hypotheses confirmed (six studies) | + | Moderate | ||
2 out of 2 hypotheses confirmed (two studies) | + | High | ||
5-item questionnaire [109] | 2 out of 2 hypotheses confirmed (one study) | + | High | |
AS [112] | 2 out of 2 hypotheses confirmed (one study) | + | High | |
Responsiveness | MMAS-5 [98] | 3 out of 3 hypotheses confirmed (one study) | + | High |