Table 1 Characteristics of included systematic reviews
Reference | Study design | # of studies (N) | Exposure(s)/intervention(s) | Comparator(s) | Outcomes | aQuality of SRMA conduct |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jakobsen 2021 [25] | Cohort | Cheese: 7 (554,323), butter: 4 (128,757) | Higher intake of cheese and butter | Lower intake of cheese and butter | CHD (fatal and non-fatal), Stroke (fatal and non-fatal) | High |
Schwab 2021 [26] | Cohort | 5 (22,591) | Higher intake of SFA (dietary fat) | Lower intake of SFA (dietary fat); Replace SFA with PUFA, MUFA and CHO | Cardiovascular mortality in those with T2D | Moderate |
Kazemi 2021 [27] | Cohort, case-control | Red meat: 20 (2,025,667), Processed meat: 17 (1,198,664), Dairy: 10 (544,481), Cheese: 10 (1,419,872) | Higher intake of red and processed meat, dairy and cheese | Lower intake of red and processed meat, dairy and cheese | Breast cancer | Moderate |
Neuenschwander 2020 [28] | Cohort | 11 (317,423) | Lower intake of SFA (dietary fat) | Higher intake of SFA (dietary fat) | T2D | Moderate |
Zeraatkar 2019 [29] | Cohort | 55 (4,297,443) | Lower intake of red and processed meat | Higher intake of red and processed meat | All-cause mortality, CVD mortality, T2D, MI (fatal and non-fatal), stroke (fatal and non-fatal), combined CVD events | High |
Han 2019 [30] | Cohort | 118 (6.1 million) | Lower intake of red and processed meat | Higher intake of red and processed meat | Cancer incidence, cancer mortality | High |
Bechthold 2019 [31] | Cohort | Dairy: 24 (783,832), red meat: 15 (26,429), processed meat: 14 (23,607) | Higher intake of dairy, red and processed meat | Lower intake of dairy, red and processed meat | Heart failure, fatal and non-fatal CHD and stroke | Moderate |
Schwingshackl 2018 [32] | Cohort | Dairy: 18 (1,629,366), red meat: 25 (2,159,736), processed meat: 18 (2,032,372) | Higher intake of dairy, red and processed meat | Lower intake of dairy, red and processed meat | Cancer incidence (colorectal cancer) | Moderate |
Schwingshackl 2017 [33] | Cohort | Dairy: 27 (938,817), red meat: 12 (1,762,627), processed meat: 7 (1,217,965) | Higher intake of dairy, red and processed meat | Lower intake of dairy, red and processed meat | All-cause mortality | Moderate |
Schwingshackl 2017 [34] | Cohort | Dairy: 9 (116,415); red meat: 9 (264,148); processed meat: 5 (603,020) | Higher intake of dairy, red and processed meat | Lower intake of dairy, red and processed meat | Hypertension | Low |
Schwingshackl 2017 [35] | Cohort | Dairy: 21 (566,872); red meat: 15 (586,040); processed meat: 14 (550,342) | Higher intake of dairy, red and processed meat | Lower intake of dairy, red and processed meat | T2D | Moderate |
De Souza 2015 [36] | Cohort | 41 (1,211,972) | Lower intake of SFA (dietary fat) | Higher intake of SFA (dietary fat) | All-cause mortality, CVD mortality, T2D, CHD (fatal and non-fatal), CHD (fatal), stroke (fatal and non-fatal) | Moderate |
Pham 2014 [37] | Cohort, case-control | 19 (573,889) | Higher intake of total, red and processed meat | Lower intake of total, red and processed meat | Cancer incidence | Critically low |
Hooper 2020 [38] | RCTs | 15 (~59,000) | Lower intake of SFA (dietary fat); Replace SFA with PUFA, MUFA, CHO and protein | Higher intake of SFA (dietary fat) | All-cause mortality, CVD mortality, cancer mortality, cancer incidence, T2D, MI (fatal and non-fatal), MI (non-fatal), CHD (fatal and non-fatal), CHD (fatal), stroke (fatal and non-fatal), combined CVD events, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, TC, SBP, DBP, quality of life, changes in weight, BMI | High |
Uusitupa 2019 [39] | RCTs | 7 (4,090) | Lower intake of SFA (dietary fat) | Higher intake of SFA (dietary fat) | T2D | Critically low |
Zeraatkar 2019 [40] | RCTs | 12 (54,764) | Lower intake of red and processed meat | Higher intake of red and processed meat | All-cause mortality, CVD mortality, cancer mortality, fatal stroke | High |
Schwingshackl 2014 [41] | RCTs | 11 (6,744) | Lower intake of SFA (dietary fat), Replace SFA with PUFA | Higher intake of SFA (dietary fat) | All-cause mortality, CVD mortality, MIs (fatal and non-fatal), combined CVD events | Critically low |