Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal

Table 3 Risk of bias and concern regarding applicability for studies of multivariable prediction models of caries increment

Study First author, year of publication [reference]	ROB^a				Concern regarding applicability^a			Overall^b
Study First author, year of publication [reference]	Participants	Predictors	Outcomes	Analysis	Participants	Predictors	Outcomes	ROB	Applicability
Studies of model development
Angulo, 1995 [13]	−	+	−	−	?	+	+	−	?
Demers, 1992 [14]	+	+	+	−	+	+	+	−	+
Disney, 1992 [15]	+	+	+	−	+	+	+	−	+
Fontana, 2011 [16]	+	+	+	−	+	+	+	−	+
Gao, 2010 [17]	+	+	+	−	+	+	+	−	+
Hänsel Petersson, 2002 [18]	+	+	?	−	+	+	+	−	+
Pang, 2021 [19]	?	+	−	−	+	+	+	−	+
Powell, 1991 [21]	?	?	−	−	+	?	+	−	?
Ritter, 2016 [22]	+	−	?	−	+	+	+	−	+
Sánchez-García, 2011 [23]	+	+	+	−	+	+	+	−	+
Sánchez-Pérez, 2009 [20]	+	+	?	−	+	+	+	−	+
Studies of model validation
Beck, 1992 [24]	+	+	?	−	+	+	+	−	+
Birpou, 2019 [25]	+	+	−	−	+	+	+	−	+
Campus, 2012 [26]	+	+	+	−	+	+	+	−	+
Christian, 2020 [27]	+	+	−	−	+	+	+	−	+
Dolic, 2020 [28]	−	+	+	−	+	+	+	−	+
Gao, 2013 [29]	+	+	+	−	+	+	+	−	+
Hayes, 2017 [33]	+	+	+	−	+	+	+	−	+
Hänsel Petersson, 2015 [30]	+	+	?	−	+	+	+	−	+
Hänsel Petersson, 2010 [31]	+	+	+	−	+	+	+	−	+
Holgerson, 2009 [32]	+	+	−	−	+	+	+	−	+
Pang, 2021 [19]	?	+	−	?	+	?	+	−	?

Assessment according to PROBAST [6]: “ + ” indicates low ROB or low concern regarding applicability; “ − ” indicates high ROB or high concern regarding applicability; “?” indicates unclear ROB or unclear concern regarding applicability
^aEach domain of ROB/concern regarding applicability is based on responses of respective items (Additional file 6) as follows: if all items are answered with “yes”, the domain is at low ROB/concern regarding applicability. If in at least one item, the response is “unclear” and the rest of the items are “Yes”, the ROB/concern regarding applicability is unclear. If the response is “no” in at least one item, regardless of other item responses the domain is at high ROB/concern regarding applicability
^bOverall assessment is expressed as follows: low ROB/concern regarding applicability if all domains are assessed low ROB/concern regarding applicability; high ROB/concern regarding applicability in case at least one domain is assessed high ROB/concern regarding applicability; if the risk is unclear in at least one domain and all other domains are low ROB/concern regarding applicability, final assessment remains unclear
Abbreviations: ROB risk of bias, PROBAST Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool

ISSN: 2046-4053