Table 5 The overall effect of whole egg consumption on body mass index (BMI) and by subgroups, using random-effects model
Study group | Number of studies | Number of participants | Meta-analysis | Heterogeneity | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WMD | 95% CI | P effect | Q statistic | P within group | I2% | P between group | |||
Country | |||||||||
 USA | 10 | 450 |  − 0.046 |  − 0.287, 0.194 | 0.707 | 90.08 | 0.000 | 90.0% | 0.378 |
 Other countries | 3 | 120 | 0.087 |  − 0.694, 0.868 | 0.828 | 1.62 | 0.445 | 0.0% | |
Study design | |||||||||
 Parallel | 3 | 197 |  − 0.290 |  − 0.580, 0.001 | 0.051 | 50.00 | 0.000 | 96.0% | 0.001>  |
 Cross-over | 10 | 373 | 0.177 |  − 0.096, 0.449 | 0.203 | 11.92 | 0.218 | 24.5% | |
Control group | |||||||||
 Nothing | 6 | 239 | 0.308 | 0.111, 0.505 | 0.002 | 4.43 | 0.490 | 0.0% | 0.001>  |
 Other foods or supplement | 7 | 331 |  − 0.270 |  − 0.532, − 0.008 | 0.044 | 54.19 | 0.000 | 88.9% | |
Duration | |||||||||
 Less than 12 weeks | 11 | 493 |  − 0.148 |  − 0.374, 0.079 | 0.201 | 65.67 | 0.000 | 84.8% | 0.001>  |
 12 weeks and more | 2 | 77 | 0.458 | 0.181, 0.735 | 0.001 | 0.06 | 0.813 | 0.0% | |
Health status | |||||||||
 Healthy | 6 | 330 |  − 0.286 |  − 0.538, − 0.035 | 0.026 | 51.15 | 0.000 | 90.2% | 0.001>  |
 Unhealthy | 7 | 240 | 0.337 | 0.137, 0.538 | 0.001 | 5.28 | 0.508 | 0.0% | |
Dose of intervention | |||||||||
 Less than 12 eggs per week | 3 | 136 |  − 0.047 |  − 0.637, 0.544 | 0.877 | 0.03 | 0.984 | 0.0% | 0.471 |
 12 eggs per week and more | 12 | 541 |  − 0.036 |  − 0.269, 0.197 | 0.762 | 92.40 | 0.000 | 88.1% | |
Energy intake differences | |||||||||
 No | 9 | 349 | 0.150 |  − 0.128, 0.428 | 0.290 | 10.87 | 0.209 | 26.4% | 0.001>  |
 Yes | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
 Unclear | 4 | 221 |  − 0.243 |  − 0.533, 0.047 | 0.100 | 52.88 | 0.000 | 94.3% | |
Calorie restriction | |||||||||
 No | 12 | 491 | 0.079 |  − 0.199, 0.356 | 0.579 | 27.06 | 0.005 | 59.3% | 0.001>  |
 Yes | 1 | 79 |  − 0.440 |  − 0.499, − 0.381 | 0.000 | 0.00 |  |  | |
 Overall | 13 | 570 |  − 0.035 |  − 0.265, 0.196 | 0.769 | 92.48 | 0.000 | 87.0% | - |