Table 1 Characteristics of clinical trials that were included in systematic review
Authors, publication year | Country | Design | Gender | Duration (weeks) | Health status of participants | Type and amount of intervention | Type and amount of control | Reported data and result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daly et al. 2022 [60] | Australia | Parallel | Male and female | 12 | Healthy | Intervention 1: 7 whole eggs/week Intervention 2: 12 whole eggs/week | 2 eggs/week | Weight ↔  |
Njike et al. 2021 [61] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 6 | MetS | 2 eggs/week | No egg | Weight ↔  BMI ↔  WC ↔  |
Keogh et al. 2020 [40] | Australia | Parallel | Male and female | 24 | Healthy | 10 whole eggs/week | breakfast cereal | Weight ↔  |
Maki et al. 2020 [42] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 4 | MetS/prediabetes | 12 whole eggs/week | energy-matched breakfast meals without eggs contained higher-CHO foods | Weight ↔  |
Marissa DiBella et al. 2020 [35] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 4 | MetS | 21 whole eggs/week | choline supplements (choline bitartrate, CB) | Weight ↔  BMI ↔  WC ↔  |
Shakoor et al. 2020 [48] | Pakistan | Cross-over | Male and female | 5 | MetS | 14 whole eggs/week | No egg | BMI ↔  |
Aljohi et al. 2019 [32] | USA | Parallel | Male and female | 48 | Healthy | no more than 2 whole eggs per day, 12 eggs per week and not to go > 2 days without eating eggs | No egg | BMI ↔  |
Fuller et al. 2018 [37] | Australia | Parallel | Male and female | 24 | Prediabetes/T2D | 12 whole eggs/week |  < 2 eggs/week | WC ↔  FFM ↔  |
Missimer et al. 2017 [43] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 4 | Healthy | 12 whole eggs/week | one packet of oatmeal per day | Weight ↔  BMI ↔  WC ↔  |
DiMarco et al. 2017 [36] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 4 | Healthy | Intervention 1: 7 whole eggs/week Intervention 2: 14 whole eggs/week Intervention 3: 21 whole eggs/week | No egg | BMI ↔  WC ↔  |
Fuller et al. 2016 [38] | Australia | Parallel | Male and female | 12 | Prediabetes/T2D | 12 whole eggs/week | less than 2 eggs/wk | Weight ↔  WC ↔  FFM ↔  |
Njike et al. 2016 [22] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 12 | T2D | 10–14 whole eggs/week | No egg | Weight ↑ BMI ↑ WC ↔  |
Clayton et al. 2015 [34] | USA | Parallel | Male and female | 12 | Healthy | egg-based breakfasts (14 whole eggs/week) | bagel-based breakfasts (9-cm-diameter bagel and the selected options) | Weight ↔  FFM ↔  |
Katz et al. 2015 [23] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 6 | Established CAD | breakfast with 2 eggs daily (14 whole eggs/week) | a high-carbohydrate breakfast daily | Weight ↔  BMI ↔  |
Ballesteros et al., 2015 [33] | Mexico | Cross-over | Male and female | 5 | T2D | 7 whole eggs/week | 40 g of oatmeal with 2 cups (472 mL) of lactose-free milk/day | Weight ↔  BMI ↔  |
Bonny Burns-Whitmore et al. 2014 [51] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 8 | Healthy | 6 whole eggs/week | walnuts (28.4 g, 6x/week) | Weight ↔  |
Khosla et al., 2013 [46] | USA | Parallel | Male and female | 14 | Healthy | At least 10 whole eggs/week | No egg | Weight ↔  |
Putadechakum et al. 2013 [45] | Thailand | Cross-over | Male and female | 4 | Hyperlipidemic | Intervention 1: 7 whole eggs/week Intervention 2: 21 whole eggs/week | No egg | Weight ↔  BMI ↔  WC ↔  FFM ↔  |
Taweesak Techakriengkrai et al. 2012 [52] | Thailand | Cross-over | Female | 4 | Hypercholesterolemic | 21 whole eggs/week | 1 egg/day | Weight ↔  BMI ↔ |
Pearce et al. 2011 [44] | Australia | Parallel | Male and female | 12 | T2D | high-protein high-cholesterol (14 whole eggs/week) | High-protein low-cholesterol (no eggs with 100 g of lean protein, meat, chicken or fish) | Weight ↔  |
Vislocky et al. 2009 [49] | USA | Parallel | Male and female | 8 | Healthy | 12 whole eggs/week | No egg | Weight ↔  FFM ↔  |
Harman et al. 2008 [50] | UK | Parallel | Male and female | 12 | Healthy | 14 whole eggs/week | No egg | Weight ↔  |
Vander Wal et al. 2008 [58] | USA | Parallel | Male and female | 8 | Healthy | 14 whole eggs/week | Bagel breakfast | BMI ↓ Weight ↓ WC ↔  |
14 whole eggs/week + 1000 kcal energy deficit low fat weight loss diet | bagel breakfast + 1000 ca energy deficit low fat weight loss diet | BMI ↓ Weight ↓ WC ↓ | ||||||
Katz et al. 2005 [39] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 6 | Healthy | 14 whole eggs/week | 60 g uncooked whole oats | BMI ↔ |
Tannock et al. 2005 [53] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 4 | Healthy | Intervention 1: 14 whole eggs/week Intervention 2: 28 whole eggs/week | No eggs | Weight ↔  |
Chakrabarty et al. 2004 [54] | India | Cross-over | Male and female | 8 | Healthy | 7 whole eggs/week | No egg | Weight ↔  BMI ↔ |
Chakrabarty et al. 2002 [55] | India | Cross-over | Male and female | 8 | Healthy | 7 whole eggs/week | No egg | Weight ↔  BMI ↔ |
Schnohr et al. 1994 [56] | Denmark | Cross-over | Male and female | 6 | Healthy | 14 whole eggs/week | Usual diet | Weight ↔  |
Lehtimaki et al. 1992 [41] | Finland | Parallel | Male and female | 3 | Healthy | 21 whole eggs/week | No egg | Weight ↔  |
Edington et al. 1987 [57] | UK | Cross-over | Male and female | 8 | Group1: healthy Group 2: hyperlipidemia | 7 whole eggs/week | 2 eggs/ week | Weight ↔  |
Sacks et al. 1984 [47] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 3 | Healthy | 7 whole eggs/week | No egg | Weight ↔  |
Flaim et al. 1981 [59] | USA | Parallel | Male | 5 | Healthy | 28 whole eggs/week | No egg | Weight ↑ |