Table 2 Data extraction table

Name of intervention

Study title

Author(s)

Year

DOI or URL

Protocol available online? (Provide link)

Prior feasibility and pilot testing? Y/N

Study design (e.g. RCT, observational, case–control study, feasibility, pilot)

Methods (quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods)

Aims/purpose of study

Location/setting (e.g. country, number of participating centres, primary/secondary care, specialty)

Demographics of population

Mean age (SD)

Female: # (%)

Population: Condition(s)

Inclusion/exclusion criteria (copy and paste)

Mean duration of symptoms/time since diagnosis

Integration of appropriate theory

Has a published/validated development framework been cited? Y/N (if yes, please specify, e.g. intervention mapping, person-based approach, Centre for eHealth Research and Disease Management (CeHRes) development approach)

Targeted health behaviour(s)

Consideration of motivational/behaviour change theory to promote self-management behaviour? Y/N (if yes, please specify theory used, e.g. self-efficacy theory, self-determination theory, MoVo process model, COM-B model of behaviour)

Specification of BCTs utilised and proposed mechanism(s) of action? Y/N (if yes, please list BCTs + corresponding conceptual MoAs; requires conscious acknowledgement of techniques used and conceptual frameworks by which they promote behaviour change, e.g. an app may display autonomy-supportive language, but not have considered how or why this promotes behaviour change, or the motivational framework supporting its use)

Consideration of theoretical frameworks to promote app engagement? Y/N (if yes, please specify theory or framework used, e.g. persuasive systems design, self-determination theory-based taxonomy of app features)

Intervention development

^aTransparency regarding funder

^aTransparency on data ownership

^aAdherence to data protection and regulatory frameworks

Acknowledgement of alignment with clinical guidelines

Stage of development (e.g. pilot/feasibility testing, deployed)

Strategies of development (copy overview of methodology if available)

^aCo-design with patients? Y/N

^aCo-design with HCPs? Y/N (if yes, please specify professions)

Co-design with others? (Y/N) (if yes, please specify, e.g. stakeholder committee, behavioural scientists, HCI researchers)

Is any training/education provided to the patients on using the technology?

Is any training/education provided to the HCP on using the technology?

Self-management intervention content (please specify details, list developed using guidance from EULAR (Nikiphorou et al., 2021) [26] and patient organisations [NASS, NRAS, versus arthritis])

^aEvidence-based, up-to-date, scientifically justifiable content

Disease education

Flare management

Coping with pain

Coping with fatigue

Managing sleep

Medication education

Medication management (e.g. reminders)

Joint decision-making

Psychological support (e.g. cognitive behavioural therapy)

Mental health assessment

Physical activity/ stretching

Physiotherapy techniques guided or created by a physiotherapist

Occupational health (work-related) guidance

Smoking

Alcohol intake

Nutrition

Other lifestyle advice and support (please specify)

Social support

Clinical action plans

Problem-solving

Signposting to patient organisations

Signposting to advice line/HCP contacts

Signposting to other resources (please specify)

^aTailoring/personalisation

Other

APP features, according to SDT motivational taxonomy (Villalobos-Zúñiga et al., 2020) — Y/N

Reminders

Goal setting

Motivational messages

Pre-commitment

Activity feedback

History (e.g. progress graph)

Log/self-monitoring

Rewards

Performance sharing

Peer challenging

Messaging (peer to peer)

Messaging (to HCPs — please specify asynchronous/synchronous + purpose)

^aCommunication moderation

Others (please specify)

Operating system (i.e. iOS or Android)

Barriers/facilitators to engagement

Barriers to engagement with digital intervention

Barriers to engagement with self-management behaviours

Facilitators of engagement with digital intervention

Facilitators of self-management behaviours

Measures of effectiveness

Self-management support measures, e.g. patient activation, self-efficacy

What objective outcomes are used (e.g. accelerometer data, spinal mobility?

What clinician-reported outcome measures (ClinROs), diaries, or other tools are used?

What patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are used?

What is used to measure intervention adherence?

What is used to measure intervention acceptability?

What is used to measure intervention usability?

At what time points are outcomes assessed?

Results/description of effectiveness

Was the intervention effective (qualitative)?

Was the intervention effective (quantitative)?

Adherence?

Acceptability?

^aUsability? (Across all ages, abilities)

^aCost-effectiveness?

Contextual influences on intervention success (economic factors, available resources, local healthcare system structure) [53]

Conclusions, clinical implications, future directions?

Limitations (of the intervention)

Methodological strengths/limitations for evaluation of effectiveness

Study design

Strengths (of the study design)

Limitations (of the study design)