Table 3 Overview of intervention evidence types

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

Sweden

Livheim, Tengström, et al. (2020) [155]

Animal Associated Psychotherapy (AAP)

Spain

Muela, Balluerka, et al. (2017) [158]

Attachment and Behavioural Catch-up (ABC)

USA

Dozier, Peloso, et al. (2006) [126];

Sprang (2009) [143]

Behavioural modification training; psychodynamic treatment; structured community living; adventurous learning

Netherlands

Scholte, Van der Ploeg, et al. (2006) [163]

Care placement type

Netherlands; USA

Hayduk (2017) [150];

Leloux-Opmeer, Kuiper, et al. (2018) [153];

McCrae, Lee, et al. (2010) [157];

Portwood, Boyd, et al. (2018) [159]

Child Adult Relationship Enhancement

USA

Messer, Greiner, et al. (2018) [135]

Wood, Dougherty, et al. (2019) [167]

Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS)

UK

Callaghan, Young, et al. (2003) [80]

Child-Directed Interaction Training (CDIT)

USA

N’Zi, Stevens, et al. (2016) [138]

Children and Residential Experiences (CARE)

USA

Izzo (2020) [73]

Izzo, Smith, et al. (2016) [151]

Izzo (2020) [73]

Cognitive and Affective Bibliotherapy

Israel

Betzalel, Schechtman

(2010) [123]

Cognitively-Based Compassion Training (CBCT)

USA

Reddy, Negi, et al. (2013) [96]

Reddy, Negi, et al. (2013) [96]

Computer game

UK

Aventin, Houston, et al. (2014) [74]

Connect-KP

Australia

Pasalich, Moretti, et al. (2021)

[117]

Pasalich, Moretti, et al. (2021)

[117]

Dojo: Biofeedback videogame

Netherlands

Schuurmans, Nijhof, et al. (2018) [97]

Schuurmans, Nijhof, et al. (2018) [97]

Early Intervention Foster Care (EIFC)

USA

Fisher, Ellis, et al. (1999) [56]

Enhanced Foster Care Treatment

USA

Kessler, Pecora, et al. (2008) [152]

Equine-Facilitated Psychotherapy (EFP)

Israel

Bachi, Terkel, et al. (2012) [50]

Bachi, Terkel, et al. (2012) [50]

Evolve Behaviour Support Services (EBSS)

Australia

Ziviani, Darlington, et al. (2013) [107]

Family Finding

USA

Shklarski (2020) [110]

Vandivere, Malm, et al. (2017) [146]

Leon, Saucedo, et al. (2016) [154]

Family Minds

USA

Adkins, Reisz, et al

(2021) [120]

Foster carer and foster children group-based intervention

USA

Smith, Leve, et al. (2011) [142]

Foster carer training

UK

Minnis, Pelosi, et al. (2001) [136]

Foster carer training

UK

Pithouse, Hill-Tout, et al. (2002) [61]

Pithouse, Hill-Tout, et al. (2002) [61]

Foster parent training

Belgium

Van-Holen, Vanschoonlandt, et al. (2016) [67];

Vanschoonlandt, Vanderfaeillie, et al. (2012) [68]

Vanschoonlandt, Vanderfaeillie, et al. (2012) [68]

Van-Holen, Vanschoonlandt, et al. (2016) [67]

Vanschoonlandt, Vanderfaeillie, et al. (2012) [68]

Fostering Changes

UK

Briskman, Castle, et al. (2012) [88]

Briskman, Castle, et al. (2012) [88];

Moody, Coulman, et al. (2020) [137]

Fostering Connections

Ireland

Lotty, Bantry-White, et al. (2020) [92]

Lotty, Dunn, et al. (2020) [156]

Fostering Healthy Futures (FHF)

USA

Taussig, Culhane, et al. (2007) [66];

Taussig, Culhane, et al. (2013) [65];

Taussig, Weiler, et al. (2015) [64];

Weiler, Taussig (2019) [70];

Weiler, Lee (2021) [69]

Taussig, Weiler, et al. (2019) [101]

Taussig, Culhane (2010) [144];

Taussig, Culhane, et al. (2013) [65];

Taussig, Weiler, et al. (2019) [101];

Weiler, Taussig (2019) [70];

Weiler, Lee (2021) [69]

Fostering Individualised Assistance programme (FIAP)

USA

Clark, Prange, et al. (1994) [125]

Glasgow Infant Family Team (GIFT); London Infant Family Team (LIFT); New Orleans Model

UK

Baginsky (2017) [175];

Turner-Halliday, Watson, et al. (2016) [104];

Turner-Halliday, Kainth, et al. (2017) [103]

Head, Heart, Hands

UK

McDermid, Trivedi, et al. (2021) [93]

Head Start

USA

Lipscomb, Pratt, et al. (2013) [131]

HealthRHYTHMS

USA

Bittman, Dickson, et al. (2009) [124]

Herts and Mind: Mentalization-Based Therapy

UK

Midgley, Besser, et al. (2019) [94]

Midgley, Besser, et al. (2019) [94]

Incredible Years

Portugal; UK; USA

Nilsen (2007) [60]

Conn, Szilagyi, et al. (2018) [82];

Furlong, McLoughlin, et al. (2021) [84];

Hutchings, Bywater (2013) [87];

Nilsen (2007) [60];

Silva, Gaspar, et al. (2016) [98]

Conn, Szilagyi, et al. (2018) [82];

Linares, Montalto, et al. (2006) [130]

Furlong, McLoughlin, et al. (2021) [84];

Nilsen (2007) [60]

Individual therapy and rehabilitative strategies

USA

Pozo-Breen (2017) [160]

Intensive Permanence Systems

USA

Hall, Semanchin, et al. (2018) [86]

kContact

Suomi, Lucas, et al. (2020) [169]

Keeping Foster and Kinship Parents Supported and Trained (KEEP)

USA

Chamberlain, Price, et al. (2008) [71];

Chamberlain, Roberts, et al. (2012) [53];

Price (2009) [62]

Buchanan, Chamberlain, et al. (2012) [79];

Walsh (2017) [106];

Chamberlain, Price, et al. [81]

Chamberlain, Price, et al. (2008) [71];

Price, Roesch, et al. (2015) [140];

Price, Roesch, et al. (2019) [141]

Greeno, Lee, et al. (2016) [149];

Price, Roesch, et al. (2012) [161]

Kids in Transition to Schools (KITS)

USA

Bronz (2004) [148]

Kundalini Yoga

UK

Vallejos, Ball, et al. (2016) [105]

Vallejos, Ball, et al. (2016) [105]

Life Story

USA

Haight, Black, et al. (2010) [85]

Haight, Black, et al. (2010) [85]

Mentoring intervention for teenage pregnancy

UK

Mezey, Meyer, et al. (2015) [59]

Mezey, Meyer, et al. (2015) [59]

Mezey, Meyer, et al. (2015) [59]

Mindfulness

USA

Jee, Couderc, et al. (2015) [89]

Jee, Couderc, et al. (2015) [89]

Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC); Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care-Adolescents (MTFC-A); Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care-Pre-schoolers (MTFC-P)

Netherlands; UK; USA

Chamberlain (2003) [51];

Chamberlain (2006) [52];

Chamberlain, Roberts, et al. (2012) [53];

Leve, Fisher, et al. (2009) [58]

Biehal, Dixon, et al. (2012) [76];

Brown, Chamberlain, et al. (2014) [78];

Kirton, Thomas (2011) [90]

Biehal, Dixon, et al. (2012) [76];

Green, Roberts, et al. (2014) [128];

Jonkman, Schuengel, et al. (2017) [129]

Biehal, Dixon, et al. (2012) [76];

Green, Roberts, et al. (2014) [128]

NonViolent Resistance (NVR) Training

Belgium

Van-Holen, Vanderfaeillie, et al. (2018) [145]

Opportunities Box

Portugal

Silva, Coelho, et al. (2017) [164]

Outpatient mental health services

USA

Bellamy (2013) [147]

Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)

USA

Blair, Topitzes, et al. (2019) [77]

Mersky, Topitzes, et al. (2016) [134]; Mersky, Topitzes, et al. (2020) [172]

Timmer, Urquiza, et al. (2006) [165]

Parent Management Training (PMT); Parent Management Training Oregon Model (PMTO)

Netherlands; USA

Leathers, Spielfogel, et al. (2011) [114]; Maaskant, Van Rooj et al. (2016) [118];

Spielfogel, Leathers, et al. (2011) [100]

Akin, Lang, Yan, et al. (2018) [121];

Akin, Lang, Yan, et al. (2019) [122];

Maaskant, Van Rooj et al. (2016) [118];

Maaskant, Van Rooj, et al. (2017) [132];

Yan & De Luca (2020) [170]

Leathers, Spielfogel, et al. (2011) [114]

Pathways Home

USA

DeGarmo, Reid, et al. (2013) [54]

DeGarmo, Reid, et al. (2013) [54]

Promoting First Relationships

USA

Oxford, Marcenko, et al. (2016) [139]

Psychosocial rehabilitation

USA

Williams, Sherr (2009) [166]

Sanctuary Model

USA

Rivard, Bloom, et al. (2003) [162]

Solution Focused Parenting Group (SFPG)

Canada

Triantafillou (2002) [102]

Triantafillou (2002) [102]

SuppOrting Looked after children In Decreasing Drugs, and alcohol (SOLID)

UK

Alderson, Kaner, et al. (2020) [72]

Alderson, Kaner, et al. (2020) [72]; Alderson, Kaner, et al. (2020) [108];

Alderson, McGovern, et al. (2021) [109]

Alderson, Kaner, et al. (2020) [72]; Alderson, Kaner, et al. (2020) [108]

TAKE CHARGE

USA

Geenen, Powers, et al. (2013) [113]

Geenen, Powers, et al. (2013) [113]

Teach Your Children Well

Canada

Marquis (2014) [133]

Therapeutic Mentoring

USA

Johnson, Price et al. (2010) [171]

Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (TF-CBT) and evidence-based engagement strategies

USA

Dorsey, Conover, et al. (2014) [83];

Dorsey, Pullmann, et al. (2014) [112]

Dorsey, Pullmann, et al. (2014) [112]

Trauma Systems Therapy (TST)

USA

Murphy, Moore, et al. (2017) [115]

Murphy, Moore, et al. (2017) [115]

Treatment Foster Care (TFC); Treatment Foster Care (TFC) for Older Youth; Together Facing the Challenge (TFTC)

USA

Farmer, Lippold (2016) [55];

James, Meezan (2002) [57];

Southerland, Mustillo et al. (2009) [63]

Lee, Phillips, et al. (2021) [91];

Tullberg, Vaughon, et al. (2019) [176];

McMillen, Narendorf, et al. (2015) [119];

Murray, Culver, et al. (2014) [95]

Farmer, Burns, et al. (2010) [127]

Triple P for Foster Carers (TPFC)

Germany

Job, Ehrenberg, et al. (2020) [111]

Job, Ehrenberg, et al. (2020) [111]

Wave by Wave

Portugal

Pereira, Ferreira, et al. (2020) [168]

Youth-Initiated Mentoring (YIM) Relationships

USA

Spencer, Drew, et al. (2018) [99]