Table 1 Included studies’ characteristics and summary statistics
Study | Setting | Participants | Method of randomization | Intervention/control | Uptake HPV self-sampling | Uptake healthcare provider screening | Cost outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arrossi 2015 [26] | Urban and rural areas in Argentina | 6013 women from age 30 and above | Cluster | 1. HPV self-sampling (cervical brush Qiagen) 2. Cytology and HPV healthcare provider collected sample | 2552/3049 (83.7%) | 599/2964 (20.2%) | None provided |
Castle 2019 [24] | Town of Maringa in Brazil | 483 women. Age 25–64 | Cluster | 1. HPV self-sampling (brush “just for me”) 2. Cytology 3. A choice between 1 & 2 HPV cobas analysis | 161/161 (100%) | 96/160 (60.0%) | None provided |
Gizaw 2019 [21] | Butajira region, Ethiopia. Urban and rural | Women included in the Butajira Health and Demographic Surveillance platform between age 30 and 49 | Cluster | 1. HPV self-sampling (Evalyn brush) 2. VIA | 1020/1213 (84.1%) | 575/1143 (50.5%) | Running costs - Intervention and control arm US $267.50/month (community health worker salary) - Control arm and HPV-positive women: US $200.62/month (screening nurse salary) - Participant’s travel allowance US $6.69/person |
Lazcano 2011 [20] | Rural Mexico | 21,742 women. Age 25–64 | Single | 1. HPV self-sampling (Diegene conical swab) 2. Pap smear Hybrid capture analysis | 9202/9371 (98.2) | 9761/10,057 (97.1) | None provided |
Modibbo 2017 [25] | Semi-urban districts of Abuja, Nigeria | 400 women. Age 30–65 | Single | 1. HPV self-sampling 2. Health provider collected HPV sample Dry flocked swab GP5 + /6 + PCR-EIA system with LMNX genotyping | 185/200 (92.5) | 113/200 (56.5%) | None provided |
Moses 2015 [22] Mezei 2018 [23] | Kisenyi district (urban), Kampala, Uganda | 500 participants. Age 30–65 | Single | 1. HPV vaginal self-collection (Dacron swab) 2. VIA | 248/250 (99.2%) | 121/250 (48.4%) | Start-up costs - Training of health worker + community campaign US $6.58 - Lab equipment is included in lab cost Running costs - Healthcare workers’ time cost/woman screened. Intervention: US $5.50, control: US $8.25 - Time spent by women (transportation, waiting, procedure): intervention: 25 min, control: 180 min + 30 min with cryotherapy - Time cost for women: HPV self-collection US $0.21. VIA screen US $1.53 - Material pr. test intervention: US $6.70. Control: US $0.79 Laboratory cost: per HPV test: US $0.69 - Midwife costs (VIA + /cryotherapy) US $14.26 (VIA +). US $5.67 (VIA −) |