Table 3 Studies reporting outcome of Alzheimer’s Disease or dementia
Author (year) | Dimension of FSS | Coefficient (CI or P-value) | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|---|
Study Design: Cross-Sectional | |||
 Conroy et al., 2010 [29] | Perceived / Subjective | Dementia: OR = 1.0 (p = 0.934) | Perceived social support not associated with dementia |
 Kotwal et al., 2016 [42] | Perceived / Subjective | Dementia: 0.00 (-0.45, 0.46) | Perceived social support not associated with dementia |
 Poey et al., 2017 [52] | Perceived / Subjective | AD: RR = 0.567 (p = 0.174) Dementia: RR = 1.135 (p = 0.701) | Perceived social support has a protective effect against AD. Perceived support is associated with a small increased risk of non-AD dementia |
 Yang et al., 2020 [57] | Perceived / Subjective | Severity of dementia: x2 = 64.70 (p < 0.001) | Greater perceived social support significantly associated with lower severity of dementia |
 Henderson et al., 1986 [37] | Satisfaction with FSS | Dementia: 0.06 (p = 0.002) | Participants with dementia reported significantly lower satisfaction with diffuse social relationships than non-demented participants (value for satisfaction with close relationships not reported) |
Study Design: Cohort | |||
 Andel et al., 2012 [68] | Social Support at Work | AD: OR = 0.88 (0.76, 1.0) ** Dementia: OR = 0.87 (0.78, 0.97) ** | Greater overall social support at work has protective effect against AD and dementia. Significant in case of dementia |
 Amieva et al., 2010 [67] | Satisfaction with FSS | AD: RR = 0.84 (0.3, 1.3) Dementia: RR = 0.77 (0.6, 0.9) | Satisfaction with social support has protective effect against dementia and AD; significant protective effect in case of dementia |
 Crooks et al., 2008 [25] | Satisfaction with FSS | Dementia: HR = 0.74 (0.78, 1.23) | Satisfaction with social support reduces risk of dementia |
 Camozzato et al., 2015 [71] | Perceived / Subjective | AD: HR = 0.19 (0.07, 0.52)b | Perceived support based on presence of confidants associated with significantly decreased risk of developing AD |
 Riddle et al., 2015 [92] | Perceived / Subjective | Dementia: x2 = 0.29 (p = 0.59) | Perceived support did not predict conversion to dementia |
 Heser et al., 2014 [77] | Emotional | AD: HR = 0.54 (0.19, 1.55) Dementia: HR = 1.02 (0.39, 2.66) | Small positive association between emotional support and all-cause dementia. Emotional support has protective effect against AD |
 Liu et al., 2020 [85] | Emotional | Dementia: HR = 1.10 (0.88, 1.37) | Receiving emotional social support associated with small (non-significant) increased risk of dementia |
 Miyaguni et al., 2021 [87] | Emotional | Dementia: 0.97 (0.94, 0.99) | Receiving emotional support significantly associated with decreased risk of dementia |
 Murata et al., 2019 [16] | Emotional | Dementia – Males: HR = 0.95 (0.39, 2.66) a Dementia – Females: HR = 0.98 (0.82, 1.18) a | Emotional support has small protective effect against dementia in both males and females |
 Rote et al., 2021 [93] | Emotional | Low Support Likely dementia: 40.6% Increasing dementia: 49.1% No impairment: 10.3% High Support Likely dementia: 43.6% Increasing dementia: 36.9% No dementia: 19.5% | Values reported are conditional probabilities. Higher conditional probability of increasing dementia risk group belonging to low emotional support group |
 Saito et al., 2018 [94] | Emotional | Dementia: HR = 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) a | Emotional support from family has small protective effect against dementia; effect even smaller in case of emotional support from friends. Small positive association between emotional support from relatives and dementia |
 Salinas et al., 2017 [95] | Emotional | Dementia: HR = 0.78 (0.56, 1.09) | Emotional support has protective effect against dementia |
 Sörman et al., 2015 [97] | Emotional | Dementia: HR = 0.82 (0.60, 1.11) AD: HR = 0.72 (0.48, 1.07) | Emotional support has protective effect against dementia and AD |
 Heser et al., 2014 [77] | Instrumental | Dementia: HR = 2.34 (0.91, 6.02) AD: HR = 3.57 (1.12, 11) | Large positive association between instrumental support and dementia and AD; association is significant in case of AD |
 Murata et al., 2019 [16] | Instrumental | Dementia: Female: 0.98a (0.88, 1.09) Dementia: Male: 0.95a (0.83, 1.08) | Instrumental support has a small protective effect against dementia in both males and females |
 Riddle et al., 2015 [92] | Instrumental | Dementia: x2 = 1.99 (p = 0.16) | Instrumental support did not predict conversion to dementia |
 Rote et al., 2021 [93] | Instrumental | Low Support Likely dementia: 40.0% Increasing dementia: 48.4% No impairment: 11.6% High Support Likely dementia: 43.7% Increasing dementia: 36.8% No dementia: 19.5% | Values reported are conditional probabilities. Higher conditional probability of increasing dementia risk group belonging to low instrumental support group |
 Khondoker et al., 2017 [81] | Positive social support | Dementia: HR = 0.87 (0.72, 1.06) | Positive social support has a small protective effect against dementia |