Table 2 Characteristics of studies included in meta-analysis
From: A systematic review and meta-analysis of long COVID symptoms
First author | Publication year | Study type | Sample size | Country | Percent of women | Ethnicity | Follow-up time, months | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akter | 2020 | Cross-sectional study | 734 | Bangladesh | 24% | / | 1 | / |
Huang | 2021 | Cohort study | 1733 | China | 48% | / | 5 | / |
Humphreys | 2021 | Qualitative study | 18 | UK | 50% | 55.6% White 16.7% White other 16.7% Asian 5.6% Black 5.6% Mixed | 1 | / |
Simani | 2021 | Cross-sectional study | 120 | Iran | 33.3% | / | 6 | / |
Taylor | 2021 | Qualitative study | 13 | UK | 84.6% | 84.6% White British | / | / |
Felipe | 2020 | Cross-sectional study | 46 | Brazil | 54.3% | / | 4 | / |
Hopkins | 2020 | Cohort study | 382 | UK | 74.6% | / | 1 | Loss of smell p < 0.001 |
Petersen | 2020 | Cohort study | 180 | Faroe Islands | 54.4% | / | 4 | / |
Iqbal | 2021 | Cross-sectional study | 158 | Pakistan | 55.1% | / | 1 | / |
Poncet-Megemont | 2020 | Cohort study | 139 | France | 62.6% | / | 1 | / |
Trevisan | 2021 | Observational study | 1618 | Italy, Spain, and Norway | 55% | / | 6 | / |
Klein | 2021 | Cohort study | 103 | Israel | 37.9% | / | 6 | / |
Munro | 2020 | Cross-sectional study | 138 | UK | 12.5% | / | / | / |
Chopra | 2020 | Cohort study | 488 | USA | / | 51.6% Black 37.3% White 11.1%other/unknown 0r 4.4% Hispanic 86.7% Non-Hispanic 9.3% Unknown | 2 | / |
Putri | 2021 | Survey | 109 | Taiwan | 44.95% | 100% Asian | 0.25 | / |
Liu | 2020 | Cross-sectional study | 675 | China | 53% | / | 1 | / |
Tenforde | 2020 | Cross-sectional study | 292 | USA | 52% | 34.8% White, non-Hispanic 17% Black, non-Hispanic 36.3% Hispanic 11.9% other | 0.5 | p = 0.01 |
Sykes | 2021 | Cross-sectional study | 134 | UK | 34.3% | 91% White 1.5% Black 6% Asian 1.5% Mixed/other | 4 | / |
Townsend | 2021 | Cohort study | 40 | Ireland | 90% | / | 5 | / |
Writing Committee for the COMEBAC Study Group, 2021 [6] | 2021 | Cohort study | 478 | France | 42.1% | / | 4 | / |
Augustin | 2021 | Cohort study | 353 | Germany | 53.5% | / | 7 | / |
Duncan | 2021 | Survey | NA | Scotland | / | / | / | / |
Osikomaiya | 2021 | Cohort study | 274 | Nigeria | 33.9% | / | 0.5 | / |
Orrù | 2021 | Cross-sectional study | 152 | Italy | / | / | 3 + | Insomnia p < 0.05 quality of life p < 0.05 |
Pujari | 2021 | Cross-sectional study | 94 | India | 26.6% | / | 0.5 | / |
Frontera | 2021 | Prospective study | 382 | USA | 35% | Hispanic 15%/22% Non-Hispanic 62%/59% Prefer not to answer 23%/19% | 6 | / |
Holmes | 2021 | Cohort study | 27 | Australia | / | / | 6 | / |
Townsend | 2020 | Longitudinal study | 111 | Ireland | 63% | / | 3 | / |
Estiri | 2021 | Cohort study | 57,622 | USA | / | / | 3–6, 6–9 | / |
Chevinsky | 2021 | Cohort study | 148,892 | USA | 57% | 40.9% White 25.2% Black 2.4% Asian 21% Hispanic 10.6% Others | 1–4 | / |
Pereira | 2021 | Cohort study | 38 | UK | 84% | BAME group 37% | 7 | / |
Romero-Duarte Á | 2021 | Cross-sectional study | 797 | Spain | 46.3% | / | 6 | / |
Graham | 2021 | Cohort study | 50 | USA | 66% | 88% White, 4% Black or African American, 4% Asian, 0% American Indian or Alaskan Native, 4% Other Or Hispanic or Latino 12% Not Hispanic or Latino 88% | 4 | / |
Trinkmann | 2021 | Cross-sectional study | 246 | Germany | 56.1% | / | 2 | p < 0.01 |
Nguyen | 2021 | Cohort study | 125 | France | 55.2% | / | 7 | / |
Vrillon | 2021 | Cohort study | 125 | France | 58.4% | / | 0.7 | / |
Modi | 2021 | Qualitative study | 131 | USA | 47% | 71% White(non-Hispanic) 7% White (Hispanic) 8% Black 2% Asian 1% American Indian 8% Multiracial 4% other (Hispanic) | 6 | / |
Pasquini | 2021 | Cross-sectional study | 26 | Italy | 65.4% | / | 4 | / |
Boscolo-Rizzo | 2021 | Cohort study | 183 | Italy | 54.6% | / | 6 | / |
Capelli | 2021 | Cohort study | 55 | Italy | 64% | / | 8 | / |
Yvonne | 2020 | Cross-sectional study | 2113 | Netherlands and Belgium | 85% | / | 2 | p < 0.001 |
Raman | 2021 | Cohort study | 58 | UK | 41.4% | BAME group 22.4% | 2 | p < 0.0001 to 0.044 |
Swapna Mandal | 2020 | Cross-sectional study | 384 | UK | 38% | 38.8% British Caucasian 17.1% Other Caucasian 6.5% British Asian 10.3% Other Asian 6.8% Black British 7.6% Other black 13.9% Other ethnicity | 2 | p < 0.0001 for all symptoms |
Marcel S. Woo | 2020 | Cross-sectional study | 18 | Germany | 57.9% | / | 3 | / |
Puntmann | 2020 | Cohort study | 100 | France | 47% | / | 2.5 | / |
Bellan | 2021 | Cohort study | 238 | Italy | 59.7% | / | 4 | / |
Stavem | 2020 | Cross-sectional study | 451 | Norway | 56% | / | 3 | p < 0.001 |
Małek | 2021 | Cohort study | 26 | Poland | 81% | / | 1.5 | / |
Printza | 2020 | Cross-sectional study | 90 | Greece | 41.1% | / | 1 | / |