Table 17 Summary of evidence for this systematic review

Mindfulness

At the end of the intervention

Phang et al. (2015) [48]

van Dijk et al. (2017) [49]

Yang et al. (2018) [50]

Damião Neto et al. (2020) [51]

-^a

The mean scores for intervention groups were significantly higher than the mean scores for control groups (SMD: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.54)

4 (462)

⨁⨁⨁⨁

High

6-month to 1-year follow-up

Phang et al. (2015) [48]

van Dijk et al. (2017) [49]

Yang et al. (2018) [50]

-^a

The mean scores for intervention groups were significantly higher than the mean scores for control groups (SMD: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.7)

3 (321)

⨁⨁◯◯

Low ^b,i

Well-being/Psychological Health

At the end of the intervention

Erogul et al. (2014) [47]

van Dijk et al. (2017) [49]

Yang et al. (2018) [50]

Damião Neto et al. (2020) [51]

-^a

The mean scores for intervention groups showed no significant difference compared to the mean scores for control groups

(SMD: − 0.27, 95% CI: − 0.67 to 0.13)

4 (446)

⨁⨁⨁◯

Moderate^c

6-month to 1-year follow-up

Erogul et al. (2014) [47]

van Dijk et al. (2017) [49]

-^a

The mean scores for intervention groups were significantly lower than the mean scores for control groups (SMD: − 0.73, 95% CI: − 1.23 to − 0.23)

2 (224)

⨁⨁◯◯

Low^d,i

Stress

At the end of the intervention

Erogul et al. (2014) [47]

Phang et al. (2015) [48]

van Dijk et al. (2017) [49]

Yang et al. (2018) [50]

Damião Neto et al. (2020) [51]

-^a

The mean scores for intervention groups were significantly lower than the mean scores for control groups (SMD: − 0.29, 95% CI: − 0.56 to − 0.02)

5 (520)

⨁⨁⨁◯

Moderate^e

6-month to 1-year follow-up

Erogul et al. (2014) [47]

Phang et al. (2015) [48]

van Dijk et al. (2017) [49]

-^a

The mean scores for intervention groups were significantly lower than the mean scores for control groups (SMD: − 0.45, 95% CI: − 0.67 to − 0.22)

3 (290)

⨁⨁⨁◯

Moderateⁱ

Anxiety^f

At the end of the intervention

Damião Neto et al. (2020) [51]

Warnecke et al. (2011) [46] ^g

Astin (1997) [52] ^g

Shapiro et al. (1998) [53] ^g

The mean score in control group was 3.57 ± 3.45 ^h

The estimated mean difference between the two groups (MD: − 0.17, 95% CI: − 1.32 to 0.98) ^h

4 (307)

⨁⨁◯◯

Low ^{i, j}

Depression^f

At the end of the intervention

Damião Neto et al. (2020) [51]

Warnecke et al. (2011) [46] ^g

Astin (1997) [52] ^g

Shapiro et al. (1998) [53] ^g

The mean score in control group was 3.97 ± 3.28 ^h

The estimated mean difference between the two groups (MD: 0.06, 95% CI: − 1.04 to 1.16) ^h

4 (307)

⨁⨁◯◯

Low ^{i, j}

Empathy

At the end of the intervention

van Dijk et al. (2017) [49]

Shapiro (1998) [53] ^g

The mean score in control group was 108.4 ± 10.0 k

The estimated mean difference between the two groups (MD: − 3.5, 95% CI: − 6.51 to − 0.49) ^k

2 (240)

⨁◯◯◯

Very low ^{i, l}

6-month to 1-year follow-up

van Dijk et al. (2017) [49]

The mean score in control group was 109.8 ± 8.6

The mean score for the intervention group showed no significant difference compared to the mean score for the control group (MD: − 1.10, 95% CI: − 4.20 to 2.00)

1 (167)

⨁◯◯◯

Low ^{i, m}

Resilience

At the end of the intervention

Erogul et al. (2014) [47]

The mean score in control group was 77.1 ± 14.1

The mean score for the intervention group showed no significant difference compared to the mean score for the control group (MD: − 3.40, 95% CI: − 9.91 to 3.11)

1 (57)

⨁⨁◯◯

Low ^{i, m}

6-month to 1-year follow-up

Erogul et al. (2014) [47]

The mean score in control group was 77.3 ± 12.5

The mean score for the intervention group was significantly higher than the mean score for the control group (MD: − 5.10, 95% CI: − 11.08 to 0.88)

1 (57)

⨁⨁◯◯

Low ^{i, m}