Table 1 Description of included studies in the meta-analysis
Author, year | Country | Chronic disease | Sample size | Type of digital technology intervention | Outcome measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aguado [22] 2012 | USA | Cancer | 199 | DVD/video | Depression/anxiety |
Andersson [23] 2012 | Sweden | Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 101 | Internet or website | Depression |
Andersson [24] 2012 | Sweden | Generalized anxiety disorder | 81 | Internet or website/mobile application | Anxiety/depression |
Andersson [25] 2012 | Sweden | Generalized anxiety disorder | 204 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Anxiety/depression |
Bani [26] 2019 | Jordan | Breast cancer | 80 | Virtual reality | Anxiety |
Bell [27] 2012 | New Zealand | Generalized anxiety disorder | 83 | Internet or website | Anxiety |
Berger [28] 2011 | Switzerland | Major depressive disorder | 761 | Internet or website | Depression |
Bergström [29] 2010 | Sweden | Panic disorder | 113 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression |
Boele [30] 2018 | Netherlands | Cancer | 115 | Internet or website | Depression |
Bond [31] 2010 | USA | Diabetes | 62 | Internet or website | Depression |
Bowler [32] 2012 | United Kingdom | Major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder | 63 | Computer (program or software) | Depression/anxiety |
Braamse [33] 2016 | Netherlands | Transplantation for hematological malignancies | 95 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Bromberg [34] 2012 | USA | Chronic migraine | 189 | Internet or website | Anxiety |
Buhrman [35] 2013a | Sweden | Chronic pain | 72 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Buhrman [36] 2011 | Sweden | Chronic pain | 60 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Buhrman [37] 2013b | Sweden | Chronic pain | 76 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Buhrman [38] 2015 | Sweden | Chronic pain and major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder | 52 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Carlbring [39] 2011 | Sweden | Social phobia and generalized anxiety disorders | 54 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Carrard [40] 2011 | Switzerland | Eating disorder | 74 | Internet or website | Depression |
Cohn [41] 2014 | USA | Diabetes | 49 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Cooper [42] 2011 | United Kingdom | Sclerosis | 24 | Computer (program or software) | Depression |
Damholdt [43] 2016 | Germany | Breast cancer | 157 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression/anxiety |
Dear [44] 2015 | Australia | Chronic pain | 490 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression/anxiety |
Dear [45] 2013 | Australia | Chronic pain | 63 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression/anxiety |
Devi [46] 2014 | United Kingdom | Angina | 94 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression/anxiety |
Drozd [47] 2014 | Norway | HIV | 67 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression |
Engel [48] 2015 | USA | Post-traumatic stress disorder | 80 | Internet or website | PTSD |
Everitt [49] 2013 | United Kingdom | Irritable bowel syndrome | 135 | Internet or website | Anxiety |
Farrer [50] 2011 | Germany | Major depressive disorder | 155 | Internet or website | Depression |
Friesen [51] 2017 | Canada | Fibromyalgia | 60 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression/anxiety |
Glozier [52] 2013 | Australia | Cardiovascular disease | 562 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Hedborg [53] 2011 | Sweden | Migraine | 76 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression |
Hedman [54] 2014 | Sweden | Generalized anxiety disorder | 81 | Internet or website | Anxiety |
Hedman [55] 2011 | Sweden | Hypochondriasis anxiety | 81 | Internet or website/telehealth | Depression/anxiety |
Hesser [56] 2012 | Sweden | Chronic tinnitus | 99 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Ivarsson [57] 2014 | Sweden | Post-traumatic stress disorder | 62 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Jacobi [58] 2012 | Germany | Eating disorder | 126 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression |
Jasper [59] 2014 | Germany | Tinnitus | 128 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression/anxiety |
Johansson [60] 2015 | Sweden | Traumatic brain injury or stroke | 34 | Internet or website/telehealth | Depression/anxiety |
Johnston [61] 2011 | Australia | Generalized anxiety disorder | 139 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Anxiety/depression |
Knaevelsrud [62] 2015 | Germany | Post-traumatic stress disorder | 159 | Internet or website/telehealth/email (SMS) | Depression/anxiety |
Kok [63] 2014 | Netherlands | Phobia | 212 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Kraaijt [64] 2010 | Netherlands | HIV | 73 | Internet or website/computer (program or software)/CD-ROM | Depression |
Kuhn [65] 2017 | USA | Post-traumatic stress disorder | 120 | Mobile application | Depression |
Lewis [66] 2017 | United Kingdom | Post-traumatic stress disorder | 42 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression/anxiety |
Littleton [67] 2016 | USA | Post-traumatic stress disorder | 87 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Ljótsson [68] 2011 | Sweden | Irritable bowel syndrome | 195 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Anxiety/depression |
Ljótsson [69] 2010 | Sweden | Irritable bowel syndrome | 85 | Internet or website | Depression |
Lundgren [70] 2016 | Sweden | Major depressive disorder and heart failure | 50 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression/anxiety |
Mailey [71] 2010 | USA | Mental health disorder | 51 | Computer (program or software) | Anxiety/depression |
Migliorini [72] 2016 | Australia | Spinal cord injury | 59 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Newby [73] 2013 | Australia | Major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder | 109 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Newby [74] 2014 | Australia | Major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder | 109 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression/anxiety |
Newby [75] 2017 | Australia | Diabetes | 106 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression/anxiety |
Nordgren [76] 2014 | Sweden | Generalized anxiety disorder | 100 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Anxiety/depression |
Paxling [77] 2011 | Sweden | Generalized anxiety disorder | 89 | Internet or website | Anxiety/depression |
Peters [78] 2017 | Sweden | Chronic pain | 284 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Possemato [79] 2015 | USA | Post-traumatic stress disorder | 20 | Internet or website | Depression |
Robinson [80] 2010 | Australia | Generalized anxiety disorder | 150 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Anxiety/depression |
Rosmarin [81] 2010 | USA | Generalized anxiety disorder | 125 | Internet or website | Depression |
Roy [82] 2010 | USA | Generalized anxiety disorder | 1004 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Ruehlman [83] 2012 | USA | Chronic pain | 305 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Ruwaard [84] 2010 | Netherlands | Panic disorder | 58 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Sanchez [85] 2011 | United Kingdom | Bulimia | 76 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression/anxiety |
Seekles [86] 2011 | Netherlands | Major depressive disorder | 120 | Internet or website/telehealth | Depression/anxiety |
Sexton [87] 2010 | USA | Infertility | 43 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Shigaki [88] 2013 | USA | Arthritis | 108 | Internet or website | Depression |
Silfvernagel [89] 2012 | Sweden | Panic disorder | 57 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression/anxiety |
Spence [90] 2014 | Australia | Post-traumatic stress disorder | 125 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression/anxiety |
Spence [91] 2011 | Australia | Post-traumatic stress disorder | 44 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Titov [92] 2010 | Australia | Major depressive disorder | 141 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression/distress |
Titov [93] 2010 | Australia | Generalized anxiety disorder | 86 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression/anxiety |
Trompetter [94] 2014 | Netherlands | Chronic pain | 238 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Trudeau [95] 2015 | USA | Chronic pain | 228 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
van Ballegooijen [96] 2013 | Netherlands | Panic disorder | 126 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Varley [97] 2011 | United Kingdom | Generalized anxiety disorder | 262 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Vernmark [98] 2010 | Sweden | Major depressive disorder | 85 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression/anxiety |
Weise [99] 2016 | Germany | Tinnitus | 124 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Willems [100] 2017 | Netherlands | Cancer | 518 | Internet or website | Depression |
Williams [101] 2010 | USA | Fibromyalgia | 118 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Wilson [102] 2015 | USA | Chronic pain | 114 | Internet or website | Depression |
Wilson [103] 2017 | USA | Chronic disease | 47 | Internet or website | Depression/distress |
Wims [104] 2010 | Australia | Panic disorder | 59 | Internet or website/email (SMS) | Depression |
Wootton [105] 2013 | Australia | Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 56 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |
Yun [106] 2012 | South Korea | Cancer | 273 | Internet or website | Depression/anxiety |