Table 2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria according to the Population-Exposure-Comparison-Outcome (PECO) scheme
Category | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
|---|---|---|
Population | Children and adolescents ≤ 19 yearsa of any genderb and any ethnicity in Europe Europe will be defined as European continent according to the definition of World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe [31] | Studies with population samples with > 19 years or mixed population samples of children, adolescents and/or adults Samples of children with preexisting psychiatric diagnoses Countries that are not included in the WHO overview [31] |
Exposure | Data collection within COVID-19 pandemic | Other previous pandemics Studies that analysed anxiety due to the use of alcohol or other drugs |
Comparison | Pre-pandemic baseline | No comparison Comparisons of two time points within the COVID-19 pandemic |
Outcome | Anxiety, based on self-reports or (validated) measurements | Other outcomes |
Effect measures | All effect measures | – |
Study design | Primary studies or reports | Reviews, systematic review, meta-analysis, case studies |
Language | All languages | – |
Time frame | Publication as of November 1, 2019c | Other time frames |
Publication status | Published studies, grey literature, pre-prints, conference abstracts | Other publication status |
Species | Human studies | Animals studies |