Table 3 Summary of risk of bias, criteria for good measurement properties, and overall quality of evidence (GRADE)
Measurement property outcome measure | Study | Risk of bias | Criteria for good measurement properties | Overall rating | Quality of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reliability | |||||
Handheld dynamometer | Cibulka et al. [3] | Doubtful | + | + | Very Low |
Intra-rater | |||||
Handheld dynamometer | Shahidi et al. [30] | Adequate | - | - | Very Low |
Inter-rater | |||||
Isometric dynamometer | O’Leary et al. [25] | Inadequate | + | + | Very Low |
Test-retest | |||||
Strain gauge dynamometer | Jordan et al. [11] | Inadequate | ? | ? | Low |
Intra-rater | Ylinen et al. [37] | Doubtful | ? | ||
Modified sphygmomanometer dynamometer | Vernon et al. [33] | Inadequate | ? | ? | Very Low |
Intra-rater | |||||
Multi-cervical unit | Chiu and Lo [4] | Doubtful | + | + | Low |
Test-retest | Pearson et al. [26] | Doubtful | + | ||
Multifunctional measurement unit | Scheuer and Friedrich [28] | Doubtful | + | + | Very Low |
Intra-rater | |||||
Multifunctional measurement unit | Scheuer and Friedrich [28] | Doubtful | + | + | Very Low |
Inter-rater | |||||
Measurement error | |||||
Handheld dynamometer | Cibulka et al. [3] | Doubtful | ? | ? | Moderate |
Shahidi et al. [30] | Adequate | ? | |||
Isokinetic dynamometer | Cagnie et al. [2] | Doubtful | ? | ? | Very Low |
Isometric dynamometer | O’Leary et al. [25] | Inadequate | ? | ? | Low |
Strain gauge dynamometer | Jordan et al. [11] | Doubtful | ? | ? | Low |
Multi-cervical unit | Pearson et al. [26] | Doubtful | ? | ? | Very Low |
Construct validity | Chiu and Lo [4] | Doubtful | ? | ? | Very Low |