Table 3 Final set of outcomes deemed to be of critical or important for guideline development and decision-making
Outcomesa | Potential Benefit or Harm | Priority |
|---|---|---|
KQ1 & KQ2: What are the benefits and harms of prostate cancer screening? | ||
Prostate cancer mortality | Benefit (decrease) | Critical |
All-cause mortality | Benefit (decrease) | Critical |
False positives | Harm | Critical |
Overdiagnosis | Harm | Critical |
Complications due to biopsyb | Harm | Critical |
Quality of life or functioning (overall and disease-specific; using validated scales)c | Benefit (increase) or harm (decrease) | Critical |
Incontinence (urinary or bowel)c | Harm | Critical |
Erectile dysfunctionc | Harm | Critical |
Incidence of metastatic cancerc | Benefit (decrease) | Important |
Psychological effects | Benefit or harm | Important |
KQ3: What are the benefits and harms of treatment strategies for screen-detected prostate cancer? | ||
Prostate cancer mortality | Benefit (decrease) | Critical |
All-cause mortality | Benefit (decrease) | Critical |
Quality of life or functioning (overall and disease-specific; using validated scales)c | Benefit (increase) or harm (decrease) | Critical |
Incontinence (urinary or bowel)c | Harm | Critical |
Erectile dysfunctionc | Harm | Critical |
Rate of metastasis development | Benefit (decrease) | Important |
Psychological effects | Benefit or harm | Important |
Complications due to treatment (i.e., surgical adverse events, radiotherapy toxicity, endocrinological effects) | Harm | Important |
KQ4: What are patients’ values and preferences for screening for prostate cancer? | ||
Values and preferences regarding the choice to screen, based on information overall benefits and harms (i.e., the benefit considered worthwhile to undergo burden/harm). Benefits must include mortality. | Does not apply | Not rated |
Intention to undergo screening based on information regarding the patient-important outcomes presented in decision aids. | Does not apply | Not rated |