Table 2 Reported baseline characteristics in the eligible studies
Author, year | Total sample size | N South Asian | Male (%) | Age (years) | Current smokers % | Mean BMI or BMI ≥ 25 | Alcohol consumption (yes %) | Mean cholesterol (mmol) | Hypertension (%) | Diabetes (%) | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adil, 2013 [30] | 152,736 | 1,220 (0.8%) | 48.8% | 37.7 | 23.3% | 29.7/38.7% | 21 | NR | 24.0% | 3.7% | L |
Albarak, 2012 [31] | 7,135 | 487 (6.8%) | 82.8% | 41.4 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 19.8% | 13.2% | L |
Bansal, 2013 [32] | 39,317 | 103 (0.3%) | 52.4% | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | M |
Bellary, 2010 [33] | 1,978 | 1,486 (75.1%) | 53.7% | 58.9 | 15.0% | 29.2/89.5% | NR | 4.6 | NR | NR | M |
Blackledge, 2003 [34] | 5,393 | 336 (6.2%) | 49.5% | 77.5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | L |
Chaturvedi, 1996 [35] | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | H |
Deb, 2016 [36] | 4,946 | 2,473 (50.0%) | 76.9% | 61.7 | 27.7% | NR | NR | NR | 78.9% | 53.8% | L |
Elahi, 2005 [37] | 7,876 | 650 (8.3%) | 92.4% | 63.3 | 32.1% | NR | NR | NR | 83.2% | 32.0% | M |
Feder, 2002 [38] | 3,476 | 502 (14.4%) | 72.1% | 60.3 | 12.2% | 2.40% | NR | NR | 31.4% | 12.7% | M |
Fischbacher, 2007 [39] | 4,624,528 | 47,811 (1.0%) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | M |
Forouhi, 2006 [40] | 3,207 | 1,420 (44.3%) | 100.0% | 52.2 | 24.4% | 26.1 | NR | 5.9 | 45.3% | 13.8% | M |
Gahungu, 2020 [41] | 144 | 72 (50.0%) | 66.7% | 51.0 | 12.5% | 27.3 | NR | NR | 21.5% | 1.4% | M |
Gasevic, 2013 [42] | 4,729 | 371 (7.8%) | 26.7% | 63.3 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 25.1% | 16.1% | M |
1,687 | 137 (8.1%) | 79.1% | 66.3 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 28.5% | 22.3% | ||
George, 2017 [17] | 1,068,318 | 38,292 (3.6%) | 44.5% | 48.0 | 17.1% | 26.6 | NR | 5.5 | 5.9% | 2.7% | L |
Gholap, 2015 [43] | 4,111 | 730 (17.8%) | 29.8% | 66.4 | 35.7% | NR | NR | NR | 50.3% | 20.3% | L |
Gray, 2007 [44] | 17,914,580 | 209,405 (1.2%) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | M |
Gunarathne, 2008 [45] | 2,405 | 420 (17.5%) | 46.6% | 76.9 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 63.7% | 36.5% | M |
Gupta, 2002 [46] | 1,106 | 553 (50.0%) | 68.9% | 62.8 | 48.9% | 26.9 | NR | NR | 53.1% | 35.8% | L |
Hadjinikolaou, 2009 [47] | 2,897 | 274 (9.5%) | 80.0% | 65.6 | NR | 27.7 | NR | NR | NR | 42.0% | L |
Harding, 2008 [48] | 25,044,381 | 571,339 (2.3%) | 49.7% | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | H |
Hsu, 1999 [49] | 199 | 69 (34.7%) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | H |
Jones, 2011 [50] | 9,771 | 1,805 (18.5%) | 73.4% | 63.8 | 11.0% | NR | NR | NR | 44.8% | 21.3% | L |
Jones, 2014 [51] | 279,256 | 19,938 (7.1%) | 73.8% | 64.6 | 23.9% | NR | NR | NR | 55.8% | 17.3% | L |
Kaila, 2014 [52] | 7,292 | 1,823 (25.0%) | 74.6% | 60.3 | 19.2% | NR | NR | NR | 64.6% | 35.9% | L |
Khan, 2010 [53] | 41,615 | 2,190 (5.3%) | 67.0% | 69.1 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 26.4% | 18.4% | L |
Khan, 2013 [54] | 1,409a | 43a (3.1%) | 50.0% | 62.0 | 7.6% | NR | 4.8 | NR | 35.4% | 14.1% | L |
7,588b | 210b (2.8%) | 52.2% | 72.2 | 18.9% | NR | 6 | NR | 68.2% | 25.1% | ||
Krishnamurthy, 2019 [55] | 2,867 | 297 (10.4%) | NR | 63.0 | 67.5% | NR | NR | NR | 38.9% | 13.0% | L |
Lane, 2005 [56] | 2,624 | 195 (7.4%) | 72.1% | 42.1 | 41.7% | 26.0/15.1% | NR | NR | 33.8% | NR | L |
Mackay, 2017 [57] | 41,792 | 3,904 (9.3%) | 71.9% | 63.8 | 21.9% | 27.3 | NR | NR | 56.8% | 21.1% | L |
Muilwijk, 2019 [58] | 465,307 | 7,102 (1.5%) | 45.4% | 56.7 | 10.3% | 27.4 | NR | NR | NR | 4.6% | L |
Mukhtar, 1995 [59] | 204 | 102 (50.0%) | NR | NR | 58.5% | NR | NR | 6.6 | 29.5% | 5.4% | H |
Nijjar, 2010 [60] | 40,669 | 2,190 (5.4%) | 32.9% | 67.3 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 22.8% | 18.3% | L |
O’Neill, 2018 [61] | 144 | 72 (50.0%) | 47.3% | 74.5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 57.6% | 39.6% | M |
Patel, 2021 [72] | 449,349 | 8,124 (1.8%) | 44.2% | 56.9 | 10.4% | 27.3 | NR | NR | 38.9% | 5.6% | L |
Pursnani, 2020 [62] | 341,309 | 5,149 (1.5%) | 46.3% | 54.3 | 45.2% | 62.60% | NR | 199.6 | 30.1% | 20.1% | L |
Quan, 2010 [63] | 81,848 | 3,031 (3.7%) | 75.2% | 66.0 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 57.7% | 24.0% | L |
Rafnsson, 2013 [64] | 368,707,201 | 3,167,341 (0.9%) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | M |
Raghavan, 2008 [65] | 130 | 65 (50.0%) | 87.7% | 57.9 | 26.2% | NR | NR | NR | 43.9% | 33.1% | H |
Sheth 1999 [66] | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | M |
Sun, 2019 [67] | 82,125 | 1,662 (2.0%) | 49.8% | 78.2 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 51.4% | 89.1% | M |
Toor, 2011 [68] | 1,158 | 239 (20.6%) | 71.3% | 65.0 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 54.0% | 22.1% | L |
Vyas, 2021 [70] | 801 | 396 (49.4%) | 85.5% | 67.1 | 21.9% | 26.2 | 20.5% | 6.1 | 13.6% | 19.0% | L |
Vyas, 2021 [71] | 31,923 | NR | 50.8% | 75.5 | 17.4% | NR | NR | NR | 75.1% | 32.1% | M |
Wilkinson, 1996 [69] | 462 | 149 (32.3%) | 84.0% | 56.0 | 62.2% | NR | NR | NR | 28.6% | 84.0% | L |