Table 1 Characteristics of eligible studies
Author, year | Country | Study time period | Design | Study population | Sample size | CVD, type | Outcome | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total in study | Number (%) South Asian | CVD related | All cause | ||||||
Adil, 2013 [30] | USA | 2000–2009 | Cross-sectional | Stroke-related deaths in the USA between 2000 and 2009 | 152,736 | 1,220 | Stroke/TIA | Yes | No |
Albarak, 2012 [31] | Canada | 04/1995–03/2002 | Retrospective | Patients with AMI between aged 20–55 years | 7,135 | 487 | AMI | No | Yes |
Bansal, 2013 [32] | UK | 05/2001–04/2008 | Retrospective | All residents in Scotland during the 2001 census | 39,317 | 103 | MI | Yes | No |
Bellary, 2010 [33] | UK | 2004–2007 | Prospective | Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from 25 general practices from Birmingham, UK | 1,978 | 1,486 | CHD | Yes | No |
Blackledge, 2003 [34] | UK | 04/1998–03/2001 | Retrospective | Patients hospitalised with heart failure | 5,393 | 336 | HF | No | Yes |
Chaturvedi, 1996 [35] | UK | 1985–1989 | Retrospective | Deaths in people aged 45+ years where diabetes was mentioned on the death certificate | NR | NR | CVD, CHD, stroke/TIA | Yes | Yes |
Deb, 2016 [36] | Canada | 04/1996–03/2007 | Retrospective | Adults who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting | 4,946 | 2,473 | CHD | No | Yes |
Elahi, 2005 [37] | UK | 10/1999–10/2004 | Retrospective | Patients who underwent isolated first-time CABG surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass | 7,876 | 650 | CHD | No | Yes |
Feder, 2002 [38] | UK | 04/1996–04/1997 | Prospective | Patients undergoing coronary angiography in the ACRE study | 3,476 | 502 | CHD | No | Yes |
Fischbacher, 2007 [39] | UK | 04/2001–12/2003 | Retrospective | Linked death data registry to 2001 Census of Scotland | 4,624,528 | 47,811 | MI | Yes | No |
Forouhi, 2006 [40] | UK | 1998–1990 | Prospective | Patients who were a part of the Southall and Brent population-based studies | 3,207 | 1,420 | CHD | Yes | No |
Gahungu, 2020 [41] | Canada | 2006–2013 | Prospective | Patients identified from the Institutional Cardiac CCTA Registry | 144 | 72 | CAD | Yes | Yes |
Gasevic, 2013 [42] | Canada | 04/1999–03/2003 | Retrospective | Patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting surgery after AMI | 4729, 1687 | 371, 137 | MI | No | Yes |
George, 2017 [17] | UK | 01/1997–03/2010 | Prospective | Patients registered from 225 GPs across England submitting data to CPRD | 1,068,318 | 38,292 | Various | Yes | No |
Gholap, 2015 [43] | UK | 10/2002–09/2008 | Retrospective | Hospitalised patients with AMI from two coronary care units | 4,111 | 730 | AMI | No | Yes |
Gray, 2007 [44] | Australia | 1998–2002 | Cross-sectional | Anonymous individual death records for 1998–2002 | 17,914,580 | 209,405 | CD | Yes | No |
Gunarathne, 2008 [45] | UK | 1997–2005 | Retrospective | Patients with a first-in-a-lifetime stroke admitted to Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals Trust during 1997–2005 | 2,405 | 420 | Stroke/TIA | Yes | No |
Gupta, 2002 [46] | Canada | 01/1994–04-1999 | Retrospective | Patients who had acute MI at one of two Toronto-area hospitals | 1,106 | 553 | AMI | Yes | No |
Hadjinikolaou, 2009 [47] | UK | 04/2002–09/2007 | Retrospective | Patients undergoing isolated coronary bypass surgery | 2,897 | 274 | CAD | No | Yes |
Harding, 2008 [48] | UK | 1979–2003 | Cross-sectional | People aged 30–69 years in England and Wales who died between 79–83, 89–93, and 99-03– | 25,044,381 | 571,339 | CAD | Yes | No |
Hsu, 1999 [49] | UK | 1996–1996 | Prospective | Patients in 23 general practices with patients in Leicestershire, UK | 199 | 69 | Stroke/TIA | Yes | No |
Jones, 2011 [50] | UK | 01/2003–09/2008 | Retrospective | Patients who underwent PCI in East London, UK | 9,771 | 1,805 | CAD | No | Yes |
Jones, 2014 [51] | UK | 01/2004–07/2011 | Retrospective | Patients who underwent PCI | 279,256 | 19,938 | CAD | No | Yes |
Kaila, 2014 [52] | Canada | 01/1999–03/2012 | Observational | Canadians admitted with an ACS | 7,292 | 1,823 | ACS | No | Yes |
Khan, 2010 [53] | Canada | 1994–2003 | Retrospective | Routinely collected hospital administrative data from the provinces of British Columbia and Alberta, Canada | 41,615 | 2,190 | AMI | No | Yes |
Khan, 2013 [54] | Canada | 07/2003–03/2008 | Retrospective | Clinical data from the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network (RCSN) | 1409a | 43a | AIH, stroke/TIA | No | Yes |
7588b | 210b | ||||||||
Krishnamurthy, 2019 [55] | UK | 01/2009–12/2011 | Prospective | Patients undergoing PPCI for STEMI as part of the West Yorkshire PPCI Outcome Study | 2,867 | 297 | MI | No | Yes |
Lane, 2005 [56] | UK | 1979–1986 | Observational | Patients part of the Birmingham Factory Screening Project | 2,624 | 195 | Various | Yes | Yes |
Mackay, 2017 [57] | Canada | 04/2001–10/2010 | Prospective | Prospectively collected data from the Cardiac Services British Columbia Cardiac Registry | 41,792 | 3,904 | CAD | No | Yes |
Muilwijk, 2019 [58] | UK | 04/2007–12/2010 | Prospective | UK Biobank participants who have type 2 diabetes mellitus | 465,307 | 7,102 | MI, stroke/TIA | Yes | Yes |
Mukhtar, 1995 [59] | UK | 07/1986–06/1987 | Prospective | Patients who were admitted with chest pain to coronary care units of five hospitals in Birmingham, who had a confirmed MI, and who were discharged alive from the hospital | 204 | 102 | MI | Yes | Yes |
Nijjar, 2010 [60] | Canada | 04/1995–03/2002 | Retrospective | Incident AMI patients in BC and Calgary, Canada, with diabetes or without diabetes | 40,669 | 2,190 | AMI | No | Yes |
O’Neill, 2018 [61] | UK | 01/2006–12/2016 | Retrospective | Patients with de novo dual chamber and cardiac resynchronisation therapy pacemakers implantations | 144 | 72 | AF | No | Yes |
Patel, 2021 [72] | UK | 2006–2010 | Prospective | UK Biobank participants | 449,349 | 8,124 | CHD, stroke/TIA | Yes | No |
Pursani, 2020 [62] | USA | 2006–2016 | Retrospective | Participant who underwent a screening lipid panel and had no prior history of CHD | 341,309 | 5,149 | CHD | Yes | No |
Quan, 2010 [63] | Canada | 1995–2004 | Prospective | Patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention and CABG, part of APPROACH and BCCR | 81,848 | 3,031 | CAD | Yes | No |
Rafnsson, 2013 [64] | UK | 1990–2007 | Observational, cross-sectional | Mortality and population data from six EU countries — Denmark, England/Wales, France, the Netherlands, Scotland, and Sweden | 368,707,201 | 3,167,341 | CD, IHD, stroke/TIA | Yes | No |
Raghavan, 2008 [65] | Canada | 1995–2000 | Retrospective | Patients admitted with ACS | 130 | 65 | ACS | No | Yes |
Sheth 1999 [66] | Canada | 1979–1993 | Cross-sectional | Canadian Mortality Database | NA | NA | CHD, stroke/TIA, various | Yes | Yes |
Sun, 2019 [67] | Canada | 04/2010–03/2016 | Retrospective | Patients hospitalised for AHR | 82,125 | 1,662 | AHF | No | Yes |
Toor, 2011 [68] | UK | 04/2002–12/2004 | Observational | PCI procedures undertaken in Birmingham, UK | 1,158 | 239 | CAD | No | Yes |
Vyas, 2021 [70] | UK | 1988–1991 | Prospective | Data from the SABRE cohort | 801 | 396 | Various | No | Yes |
Vyas, 2021 [71] | Canada | 2002–2008 | Prospective | Patients with ischemic stroke in the Ontario Stroke Registry | 31,923 | NR | Stroke/TIA | No | Yes |
Wilkinson, 1996 [69] | UK | 12/1998–12/1992 | Observational | Patients admitted to the coronary care unit with AMI | 462 | 149 | AMI | No | Yes |