Table 3 Characteristics of the included studies on OSA and cardiac impairment
First author | Year | Country | Sample size | Subgroup | Diagnosis criteria | Age, years | Male (%) | BMI, kg/m2 | Hypertension (%) | Hyperlipidemia (%) | Diabetes (%) | ESS | AHI, events/h | OSA diagnosis methods | NOS | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Echocardiography | ||||||||||||||||||||
Arias [30] | 2005 | Spain | 42 | Control (15) | AHI < 5 | 48 ± 9 | 15 (100) | 28.7 ± 4.7 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 3.9 ± 3.3 | Respiratory recording device | 7 | |||||
OSA (27) | AHI ≥ 10 | 52 ± 13 | 27 (100) | 30.5 ± 4.0 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 44.0 ± 27.5 | |||||||||||
Dursunoglu [31] | 2005 | Turkey | 49 | Control (20) | AHI < 5 | 43.5 ± 6.0 | 15 (75) | 29.3 ± 2.4 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 5.2 ± 2.8 | PSG | 8 | |||||
Mild OSA (11) | AHI 5–14 | 46.0 ± 5.6 | 8 (73) | 30.4 ± 4.0 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 25.3 ± 2.6 | |||||||||||
Moderate-severe OSA (18) | AHI ≥ 15 | 46.5 ± 4.9 | 14 (78) | 30.6 ± 4.0 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 50.1 ± 11.6 | |||||||||||
Dursunoglu [32] | 2005 | Turkey | 67 | Mild OSA (16) | AHI 5–14 | 46.0 ± 5.6 | 13 (81.3) | 29.3 ± 2.4 | 4 (25) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 5.2 ± 2.8 | PSG | 6 | |||||
Moderate OSA (18) | AHI 15–29 | 46.5 ± 4.9 | 15 (83.3) | 30.4 ± 4.0 | 8 (44.4) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 25.3 ± 2.6 | |||||||||||
Severe OSA (33) | AHI ≥ 30 | 48.1 ± 6.5 | 28 (84.8) | 30.6 ± 3.7 | 26 (61.9) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 50.1 ± 11.6 | |||||||||||
Kasikcioglu [33] | 2005 | Turkey | 28 | Control (14) | AHI < 5 | 51.8 ± 12.9 | 14 (100) | 27.9 ± 2.5 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 1.7 ± 1.1 | PSG | 7 | |||||
OSA (14) | AHI > 15 | 49.7 ± 11.6 | 14 (100) | 28.7 ± 2.9 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 32.9 ± 7.1 | |||||||||||
Tanriverdi [34] | 2006 | Turkey | 64 | Control (24) | AHI < 5 | 51.9 ± 5.2 | 19 (79.2) | 29.4 ± 3.9 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 3 ± 1.5 | PSG | 8 | |||||
OSA (40) | AHI ≥ 5 | 51.3 ± 9 | 32 (80) | 29.8 ± 5.3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 25.3 ± 11.4 | |||||||||||
Kasikcioglu [35] | 2007 | Turkey | 20 | Control group (10) | AHI < 5 | 45 ± 9 | 10 (100) | 27.7 ± 2.6 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 2.1 ± 1.0 | PSG | 7 | |||||
Patient group (10) | AHI > 30 | 42 ± 6 | 10 (100) | 30.6 ± 3.2 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 43.8 ± 11.7 | |||||||||||
Ott [36] | 2007 | USA | 41 | Without OSA (18) | AHI < 5 | 45 ± 2 | 18 (100) | 32.3 ± 0.9 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 2 ± 0.4 | PSG | 8 | |||||
Moderate to severe OSA (23) | AHI ≥ 15 | 45 ± 3 | 23 (100) | 33.7 ± 0.8 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 50 ± 7.0 | |||||||||||
Tavil [37] | 2007 | Turkey | 41 | Control (21) | AHI < 5 | 49 ± 5 | 12 (57.1) | 29 ± 6 | NA | NA | 0 (0) |  | 2 ± 2 | PSG | 8 | |||||
OSA (20) | AHI ≥ 5 | 50 ± 7 | 11 (55.0) | 30 ± 7 | NA | NA | 0 (0) |  | 31 ± 29 | |||||||||||
Bayram [38] | 2008 | Turkey | 46 | Control (18) | AHI < 5 | 41.9 ± 11.5 | 14 (77.8) | 27.9 ± 2.7 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 2.6 ± 0.8 | PSG | 8 | |||||
OSA (28) | AHI ≥ 15 | 44.8 ± 10.5 | 23 (82.1) | 29.7 ± 5.3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 62.3 ± 21.6 | |||||||||||
Kim [39] | 2008 | Korea | 62 | None (24) | AHI < 5 | 52 ± 1 | 24 (100) | 27 ± 1 | 3 (13) | NA | 2 (8) | NA | 2.0 ± 0.3 | PSG | 8 | |||||
Mild to moderate (18) | 5 ≤ AHI ≤ 30 | 52 ± 1 | 18 (100) | 27 ± 1 | 2 (11) | NA | 5 (28) | NA | 16.1 ± 1.2 | |||||||||||
Severe (20) | AHI > 30 | 51 ± 1 | 20 (100) | 27 ± 1 | 3 (15) | NA | 3 (15) | NA | 45.5 ± 3.2 | |||||||||||
Oliveira [40] | 2008 | Brazil | 106 | Control (50) | AHI < 5 | 52.3 ± 8.5 | 20 (40) | 27.8 ± 4.5 | 18 (36.0) | NA | 4 (8.0) | NA | 2.6 ± 1.4 | PSG | 9 | |||||
OSA (56) | AHI ≥ 5 | 52.9 ± 10.6 | 29 (51.8) | 29.4 ± 6.3 | 25 (44.6) | NA | 4 (7.1) | NA | 30.3 ± 23.1 | |||||||||||
Bayram [41] | 2009 | Turkey | 46 | Control (18) | AHI < 5 | 41.9 ± 11.5 | 14 (77.8) | 27.9 ± 2.7 | NA | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 2.6 ± 0.8 | PSG | 8 | |||||
OSA (28) | AHI ≥ 15 | 44.8 ± 10.5 | 23 (82.1) | 29.7 ± 5.3 | NA | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 62.3 ± 21.6 | |||||||||||
Baguet [42] | 2009 | France | 130 | Group A (65) | RDI < 37 | 48 ± 10 | 52 (80) | 25.6 ± 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | NA | N/A | PSG or polygraphy | 5 | |||||
Group B (65) | RDI > 37 | 49 ± 10 | 57 (88) | 27.5 ± 3.5 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | NA | ||||||||||||
Haruki [43] | 2009 | USA | 49 | control (20) | AHI < 5 | 36 ± 6 | 19 (95) | 23.4 ± 2.9 | 1 (5) | 3 (15) | 0 (0) | NA | 2.2 ± 1.4 | PSG | 8 | |||||
OSA (29) | AHI ≥ 5 | 40 ± 8 | 29 (100) | 27.6 ± 4.3 | 9 (31) | 22 (76) | 3 (10) | NA | 34.7 ± 23.1 | |||||||||||
Kepez [44] | 2009 | USA | 107 | Without OSA (22) | AHI < 5 | 46.4 ± 4.6 | 13 (59.1) | 27.6 ± 4.0 | 4 (18.2) | NA | NA | NA | 2.5 ± 2.0 | PSG | 7 | |||||
Mild to moderate OSA (45) | 5 ≤ AHI < 30 | 48.8 ± 8.2 | 33 (73.3) | 28.4 ± 3.4 | 16 (35.6) | NA | NA | NA | 15.0 ± 13.0 | |||||||||||
Severe OSA (40) | AHI ≥ 30 | 48.6 ± 9.2 | 24 (60) | 31.5 ± 4.9 | 14 (35) | NA | NA | NA | 46.0 ± 42.0 | |||||||||||
Lee [45] | 2009 | China | 51 | Control (16) | AHI < 5 | 39 ± 7.8 | 13 (82) | 27 ± 3.8 | 3 (19) | 0 (0) | NA | NA | 2 ± 1.6 | PSG | 8 | |||||
Mild OSA (20) | AHI 5–20 | 45 ± 9.5 | 17 (85) | 28 ± 3.3 | 2 (10) | 0 (0) | NA | NA | 11 ± 4.5 | |||||||||||
Moderate to severe OSA (15) | AHI > 20 | 46 ± 11.9 | 15 (100) | 31 ± 5.1 | 8 (53) | 0 (0) | NA | NA | 48 ± 21 | |||||||||||
Tugcu [46] | 2009 | Turkey | 71 | Controls (30) | AHI < 5 | 54 ± 10 | 22 (73.3) | 30.10 ± 3.65 | 0 (0) | 12 (40) | 0 (0) | 2.6 ± 2.29 | 1.46 ± 0.68 | PSG | 7 | |||||
OSA (41) | AHI ≥ 15 | 56 ± 12 | 32 (78.0) | 31.38 ± 4.97 | 0 (0) | 21 (51.2) | 0 (0) | 19.37 ± 4.3 | 38.84 ± 21.80 | |||||||||||
Tomiyama [47] | 2009 | Japan | 164 | None (14) | AHI < 5 | 44 ± 10 | 12 (85.7) | 23.6 ± 2.8 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 8 ± 5 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | PSG | 7 | |||||
Mimo (65) | 5 ≤ AHI < 30 | 46 ± 11 | 59 (90.8) | 25.0 ± 3.1 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 10 ± 4 | 19.7 ± 6.1 | |||||||||||
Severe (85) | AHI ≥ 30 | 49 ± 11 | 78 (91.8) | 27.0 ± 3.7 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 11 ± 5 | 51.2 ± 18.1 | |||||||||||
Cioffi [48] | 2010 | Italy | 157 | Controls (20) | AHI < 5 | 56 ± 15 | 16 (80) | 29 ± 6 | 10 (50) | 12 (60) | 2 (10) | NA | 3.4 (1–10) | PSG | 7 | |||||
Mild OSA (51) | AHI 5–15 | 60 ± 13 | 41 (80) | 29 ± 5 | 36 (71) | 28 (55) | 11 (21) | NA | 10 (6–15) | |||||||||||
Moderate/severe OSA (86) | AHI > 15 | 63 ± 12 | 73 (85) | 31 ± 5 | 67 (78) | 51 (59) | 15 (17) | NA | 33 (23–46) | |||||||||||
Tugcu [49] | 2010 | Turkey | 53 | Control (26) | AHI < 5 | 54 ± 10 | 19 (73.1) | 29.6 ± 3.6 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 2 ± 1 | PSG | 7 | |||||
OSA (27) | AHI ≥ 15 | 54 ± 10 | 24 (88.9) | 31.1 ± 5.1 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 40 ± 22 | |||||||||||
Varol [50] | 2010 | Turkey | 64 | Control (18) | AHI < 5 | 44.8 ± 11.6 | 13 (72) | 29.2 ± 4.8 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 2.1 ± 1.6 | PSG | 8 | |||||
Mild to moderate (25) | 5 ≤ AHI ≤ 30 | 51.2 ± 8.7 | 19 (76) | 29.9 ± 4.3 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 15.8 ± 7.4 | |||||||||||
Severe (21) | AHI > 30 | 48.9 ± 9.3 | 18 (85) | 32.2 ± 3.6 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 60.7 ± 24.5 | |||||||||||
Cicek [51] | 2011 | Turkey | 90 | Group A (26) | AHI ≤ 5 | 49.4 ± 12.3 | 13 (50) | 21.1 ± 2.3 | 12 (46.2) | 6 (23.1) | 4 (15.4) | 7.5 ± 4.7 | 2.4 ± 1.5 | PSG | 7 | |||||
Group B (20) | 5 < AHI < 15 | 59.3 ± 9.5 | 9 (45) | 23.5 ± 3.1 | 4 (20.0) | 4 (20) | 2 (10.0) | 7.4 ± 4.3 | 8.4 ± 3.6 | |||||||||||
Group C (20) | 15 ≤ AHI < 30 | 60.1 ± 13.5 | 6 (30) | 26.5 ± 4.2 | 8 (40.0) | 5 (25) | 5 (25.0) | 8.1 ± 4.2 | 25.5 ± 4.2 | |||||||||||
Group D (24) | AHI ≥ 30 | 57.3 ± 16.2 | 6 (25) | 30.5 ± 6.4 | 15 (62.5) | 9 (37.5) | 8 (33.3) | 8.8 ± 5.9 | 62.9 ± 23.6 | |||||||||||
Altintas [52] | 2012 | USA | 40 | Mild OSA (7) | AHI 5–14 | 38.3 ± 6.1 | 4 (57.1) | 27.5 ± 5.1 | 1 (14.3) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 8.5 ± 2.2 | PSG | 7 | |||||
Moderate OSA (13) | AHI 15–29 | 42.7 ± 9.1 | 10 (76.9) | 31.4 ± 4.6 | 4 (30.8) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 21.5 ± 3.8 | |||||||||||
Severe OSA (20) | AHI ≥ 30 | 48.9 ± 7.4 | 17 (85.0) | 31.5 ± 4.9 | 10 (50) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 50.5 ± 15.3 | |||||||||||
Balci [53] | 2012 | Turkey | 94 | Control (33) | AHI < 5 | 41.6 ± 11.6 | 16 (48.5) | 26.3 ± 1.4 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 3.2 ± 1.9 | PSG | 8 | |||||
Mild to moderate (30) | 5 ≤ AHI < 30 | 42.5 ± 11.2 | 18 (60.0) | 26.9 ± 2.4 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 14.2 ± 14.6 | |||||||||||
Severe (31) | AHI ≥ 30 | 45.7 ± 10.3 | 16 (51.6) | 27.3 ± 2.3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 66.3 ± 39.9 | |||||||||||
Butt [54] | 2012 | UK | 80 | Control (40) | AHI < 5 | 46 ± 9 | 30 (75) | 32 ± 6 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 3 ± 2 | PSG | 8 | |||||
OSA (40) | AHI ≥ 15 | 50 ± 10 | 33 (82.5) | 34 ± 8 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 39 ± 22 | |||||||||||
Cho [55] | 2012 | Korea | 45 | Control (20) | AHI < 5 | 47.2 ± 7.1 | N/A | 27.9 ± 1.7 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | 6.67 ± 1.11 | N/A | PSG | 6 | |||||
OSA (25) | AHI ≥ 15 | 43.5 ± 11.3 | 28.0 ± 3.4 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | 13.6 ± 3.4 | 19.7 ± 11.6 | ||||||||||||
Hammerstingl [56] | 2012 | Germany | 183 | Control (29) | AHI < 5 | 55.7 ± 15.8 | 17 (58.6) | 30.1 ± 5.5 | 12 (44.4) | 7 (24.1) | 76 (49.4) | NA | 2.3 ± 1.3 | PSG | 8 | |||||
OSA (154) | AHI > 5 | 61.7 ± 12.4 | 109 (70.8) | 31.1 ± 5.8 | 1 (3.4) | 53 (34.4) | 21 (13.6) | NA | 35.9 ± 28.4 | |||||||||||
Kim [57] | 2012 | Korea | 49 | Control (24) | AHI < 5 | 48.42 ± 7.45 | 17 (79.8) | 27.45 ± 2.41 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 2.94 ± 1.44 | PSG | 8 | |||||
OSA (25) | AHI ≥ 5 | 43.48 ± 11.32 | 20 (80) | 28.1 ± 3.1 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 19.66 ± 11.64 | |||||||||||
Oliveira [58] | 2012 | Brazil | 106 | Control (50) | AHI < 5 | 52.3 ± 8.5 | 20 (40.0) | 27.8 ± 4.5 | 18 (36) | NA | 4 (8) | NA | 2.6 ± 1.4 | PSG | 8 | |||||
OSA (56) | AHI > 20 | 52.9 ± 10.6 | 29 (51.8) | 29.4 ± 6.3 | 25 (44.6) | NA | 4 (7.1) | NA | 30.3 ± 23.1 | |||||||||||
Pressman [59] | 2012 | USA | 54 | None/mild OSA (14) | AHI < 15 | 43 ± 13 | 3 (20) | 37 ± 6 | 7 (50) | NA | 2 (14) | NA | 4.9 ± 4 | PSG | 5 | |||||
Moderate/severe (40) | AHI ≥ 15 | 45 ± 10 | 18 (45) | 42 ± 9 | 24 (60) | NA | 10 (25) | NA | 50 ± 28 | |||||||||||
Yang [60] | 2012 | China | 295 | Control (75) | AHI < 5 | 59.8 ± 1.1 | 61 (81.3) | 26.32 ± 4.57 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 2.9 ± 2.0 | PSG | 8 | |||||
OSA (220) | AHI > 5 | 58.4 ± 0.7 | 179 (81.4) | 27.39 ± 5.74 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 20.0 ± 5.6 | |||||||||||
Aslan [61] | 2013 | Turkey | 80 | Group 1 (43) | AHI < 15 | 44.1 ± 10.9 | 31 (72.1) | 28.48 ± 4.2 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 5.3 ± 4.5 | PSG | 5 | |||||
Group 2 (37) | AHI ≥ 15 | 46.0 ± 9.4 | 34 (91.9) | 31.41 ± 4.8 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 49.2 ± 24.8 | |||||||||||
Hammerstingl [62] | 2013 | Germany | 82 | Group 1 (29) | AHI 5–14 | 61.8 ± 13.0 | 21 (72.4) | 28.9 ± 4.9 | 13 (44.8) | 9 (31) | 1 (3.4) | 8.5 ± 4.1 | 9.0 ± 2.8 | PSG | 5 | |||||
Group 1 (24) | AHI 15–30 | 66.3 ± 10.5 | 13 (54.1) | 30.4 ± 4.5 | 15 (62.5) | 12 (50) | 4 (16.6) | 9.4 ± 4.5 | 22.0 ± 4.4 | |||||||||||
Group 1 (29) | AHI > 30 | 62.5 ± 10.7 | 17 (58.6) | 32.9 ± 6.3 | 16 (55.1) | 9 (31) | 5 (17.2) | 13.6 ± 4.9 | 61.7 ± 22.7 | |||||||||||
Usui [63] | 2013 | Japan | 74 | Mild to moderate OSA (52) | 5 ≤ AHI < 30 | 41.0 ± 13.1 | 52 (100) | 24.2 ± 2.7 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 17.2 ± 6.9 | PSG | 6 | |||||
Severe OSA (22) | AHI ≥ 30 | 47.0 ± 13.5 | 22 (100) | 24.5 ± 3.0 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 44.7 ± 10.3 | |||||||||||
Vitarelli [64] | 2013 | Italy | 77 | Control (35) | AHI < 5 | 45.1 ± 12.2 | 13 (37.1) | 26.8 ± 4.3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 3.8 ± 1.1 | PSG | 8 | |||||
Mild OSA (19) | 5 ≤ AHI < 30 | 48.3 ± 8.2 | 7 (36.8) | 27.5 ± 5.4 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 15.4 ± 2.2 | |||||||||||
Severe OSA (23) | AHI ≥ 30 | 47.4 ± 8.1 | 9 (39.1) | 28.3 ± 6.5 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 59.4 ± 9.3 | |||||||||||
Araz [65] | 2014 | Turkey | 98 | Group 1 (31) | AHI < 5 | 49.8 ± 10.9 | 20 (29.9) | 29.5 ± 7.3 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | 3 ± 2 | 1.5 ± 1.4 | PSG | 7 | |||||
Group 2 (67) | AHI ≥ 5 | 49.7 ± 12.7 | 47 (70.1) | 34.6 ± 8.3 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | 10 ± 4 | 52.6 ± 32.3 | |||||||||||
Chen [66] | 2014 | China | 79 | Control group (14) | AHI < 15 | 47 ± 8 | 9 (64.3) | 24.1 ± 3.4 | 7 (50) | 4 (28.6) | 0 (0) | NA | 8.6 ± 3.8 | PSG | 5 | |||||
OSAS group (65) | AHI ≥ 15 | 49 ± 10 | 54 (83.1) | 26.9 ± 3.6 | 32 (49.2) | 17 (26.2) | 0 (0) | NA | 45.4 ± 19.5 | |||||||||||
Danica [67] | 2014 | Serbia | 203 | Controls (78) | AHI < 5 | 48.8 ± 10.2 | 36 (46.2) | 24.9 ± 2.8 | 5 (6.4) | 51 (65.4) | 0 (0) | NA | 37.2 ± 21.7 | PSG | 8 | |||||
Patients (125) | AHI ≥ 5 | 51.6 ± 10.7 | 91 (72.8) | 31.6 ± 5.6 | 69 (55.6) | 94 (75.2) | 0 (0) | NA | ||||||||||||
Sun [68] | 2014 | China | 186 | Control group (50) | AHI < 5 | 62.2 ± 10.8 | 37 (74.0) | 29.66 ± 4.22 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | RDI 26 ± 19 | PSG | 7 | |||||
OSA group (136) | AHI ≥ 5 | 63.3 ± 10.6 | 89 (65.4) | 30.94 ± 4.15 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | RDI 14 ± 6 | |||||||||||
Cil [69] | 2015 | Turkey | 74 | Control (30) | AHI < 5 | 43.03 ± 10.89 | 25 (83.3) | 30.8 ± 4.6 | 8 (26.7) | 3 (10) | 4 (13.3) | NA | 1.35 ± 2.94 | PSG | 8 | |||||
OSA (44) | AHI ≥ 5 | 49.8 ± 11.5 | 30 (68.2) | 34.0 ± 6.7 | 19 (43.2) | 9 (20.4) | 6 (13.6) | NA | 28.05 ± 28.82 | |||||||||||
Imai [70] | 2015 | Germany | 206 | Mild to moderate OSA (139) | 5 ≤ AHI < 30 | 45 ± 12 | 115 (83) | 23.7 ± 2.8 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 16.0 ± 6.7 | PSG | 5 | |||||
Severe OSA (67) | AHI ≥ 30 | 52 ± 11 | 61 (91) | 25.7 ± 2.4 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 49.4 ± 14.9 | |||||||||||
Sforza [71] | 2015 | France | 405 | Non SDB (31) | AHI < 5 | 68.9 ± 0.7 | 5 (17) | 24.1 ± 3.4 | 13 (41.9) | 14 (45.2) | 0 (0) | 5.0 ± 3.3 | 3.3 ± 1.2 | Respiratory monitoring | 8 | |||||
Mild SDB (129) | 5 < AHI < 15 | 68.8 ± 0.7 | 44 (34) | 24.5 ± 3.3 | 47 (36.4) | 53 (41.1) | 4 (3.1) | 5.5 ± 3.4 | 9.8 ± 3.2 | |||||||||||
Moderate SDB (135) | 15 < AHI < 30 | 68.9 ± 0.8 | 55 (41) | 25.3 ± 3.7 | 57 (42.2) | 56 (41.5) | 4 (3.0) | 5.9 ± 3.6 | 21.3 ± 4.1 | |||||||||||
Severe SDB (110) | AHI ≥ 30 | 68.8 ± 0.8 | 62 (56) | 26.9 ± 3.6 | 53 (48.6) | 32 (29.4) | 8 (7.3) | 6.4 ± 3.7 | 46.0 ± 4.7 | |||||||||||
Wang [72] | 2015 | China | 108 | Control (30) | AHI < 5 | 45 ± 6 | 21 (71) | 25 ± 4 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 2.7 ± 1.2 | PSG | 8 | |||||
Mild (26) | 5 ≤ AHI < 15 | 48 ± 8 | 18 (69) | 26 ± 4 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 10.5 ± 3.2 | |||||||||||
Moderate (29) | 5 ≤ AHI < 30 | 45 ± 8 | 8 (26) | 27 ± 3 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 18.7 ± 5.6 | |||||||||||
Severe (23) | AHI ≥ 30 | 46 ± 6 | 6 (28) | 27 ± 4 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 57.2 ± 2.6 | |||||||||||
Akyol [73] | 2016 | Turkey | 116 | Mild OSA (26) | 5 ≤ AHI < 15 | 44.1 ± 10.2 | 16 (61.5) | 28.5 ± 4.9 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 8.3 ± 2.9 | PSG | 5 | |||||
Moderate OSA (41) | 15 ≤ AHI < 30 | 44.2 ± 10 | 30 (73.2) | 29.7 ± 3.3 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 23.1 ± 3.5 | |||||||||||
Severe OSA (49) | AHI ≥ 30 | 46.4 ± 11.2 | 33 (67.3) | 31 ± 2.7 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 51.9 ± 17.3 | |||||||||||
Altiparmak [74] | 2016 | Turkey | 94 | Control (42) | AHI < 5 | 46 ± 7 | 28 (66.7) | 25.8 ± 3.3 | 6 (14.3) | NA | 5 (11.9) | NA | N/A | PSG | 9 | |||||
OSA (52) | AHI ≥ 5 | 49 ± 10 | 35 (67.3) | 26.5 ± 2.1 | 16 (30.8) | NA | 10 (19.2) | NA | ||||||||||||
Altıparmak [75] | 2016 | Turkey | 66 | Control (35) | AHI < 5 | 43.0 ± 6.4 | 23 (74.2) | 26.2 ± 3.2 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | N/A | PSG | 8 | |||||
OSA (31) | AHI ≥ 5 | 45.5 ± 6.6 | 25 (71.4) | 26.7 ± 2.1 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 45.4 ± 28.1 | |||||||||||
Güvenç [76] | 2016 | Turkey | 67 | Control (26) | AHI < 5 | 47 ± 13 | 19 (73) | 26.01 ± 3.53 | 10 (3.8) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | N/A | PSG | 7 | |||||
OSA (41) | AHI ≥ 5 | 48 ± 9 | 27 (66) | 32.02 ± 4.6 | 13 (31.6) | NA | 4 (10.5) | NA | Moderate 23.0 ± 4.5; severe 53.4 ± 18.5 | |||||||||||
Korcarz [77] | 2016 | USA | 544 | AHI < 5 (468) | AHI < 5 | 46 ± 7 | 222 (47) | 28.8 ± 5.9 | NA | NA | 9 (2) | NA | 1.1 ± 1.3 | PSG | 8 | |||||
AHI 5–14.9 (76) | AHI 5–14.9 | 49 ± 8 | 52 (68) | 31.0 ± 5.2 | NA | NA | 1 (1) | NA | 8.7 ± 2.9 | |||||||||||
Li [78] | 2016 | China | 100 | Control (31) | AHI < 5 | 46.8 ± 5.4 | 19 (61.3) | 24.86 ± 2.78 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 1.72 ± 1.01 | PSG | 7 | |||||
Mild (24) | AHI 5–15 | 47.3 ± 6.1 | 15 (62.5) | 26.40 ± 3.12 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 12.72 ± 2.03 | |||||||||||
Moderate (25) | AHI 16–30 | 47.9 ± 7.9 | 15 (60) | 26.83 ± 3.55 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 24.01 ± 3.56 | |||||||||||
Severe (20) | AHI > 30 | 48.5 ± 5.4 | 12 (60) | 27.97 ± 3.59 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 40.78 ± 5.02 | |||||||||||
Ozkececi [79] | 2016 | Turkey | 90 | Without OSA (30) | AHI < 5 | 46.4 ± 14 | 14 (46.7) | 29.3 ± 4.8 | 0 (0) | NA | NA | NA | 1 (1–4) | PSG | 8 | |||||
OSA (60) | AHI ≥ 5 | 49.6 ± 11.7 | 29 (96.7) | 31.6 ± 5.8 | 0 (0) | NA | NA | NA | 24.5 (6–98) | |||||||||||
Vitarelli [80] | 2016 | Italy | 67 | Control subjects (30) | AHI < 5 | 46.2 ± 13.4 | 11 (36.7) | 26.4 ± 4.3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 3.8 ± 1.4 | PSG | 8 | |||||
Mild OSA (10) | 5 < AHI < 15 | 47.9 ± 10.3 | 4 (40) | 26.9 ± 5.8 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 7.1 ± 1.9 | |||||||||||
Moderate OSA (8) | 15 < AHI < 30 | 47.6 ± 9.1 | 3 (37.5) | 27.4 ± 5.5 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 19.8 ± 2.7 | |||||||||||
Severe OSA (19) | AHI ≥ 30 | 48.1 ± 10.2 | 7 (36.8) | 28.2 ± 6.3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 58.9 ± 9.1 | |||||||||||
Vural [81] | 2016 | Turkey | 63 | Non-OSA (20) | AHI < 5 | 42.9 ± 13.1 | 12 (60) | 26.2 ± 1.0 | 5 (25) | 9 (45) | 1 (5) | NA | 2.7 ± 1.0 | PSG | 7 | |||||
Mild-to-moderate OSA (19) | 5 ≤ AHI < 30 | 41.4 ± 12.6 | 12 (63.2) | 26.4 ± 1.1 | 11 (57) | 9 (47) | 1 (5) | NA | 14.9 ± 8.3 | |||||||||||
Severe OSA (24) | AHI ≥ 30 | 43.1 ± 11.1 | 13 (54.2) | 26.8 ± 1.2 | 15 (62) | 15 (62) | 2 (8) | NA | 60.9 ± 21.3 | |||||||||||
Zhou [82] | 2016 | China | 79 | Controls (19) | AHI ≤ 5 | 52.0 ± 10.8 | 12 (63.2) | 24.2 ± 3.7 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | PSG | 7 | |||||
Mild OSA (20) | 5 < AHI ≤ 15 | 53.9 ± 11.7 | 16 (80) | 30.6 ± 9.7 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||||||
Moderate OSA (16) | 15 < AHI ≤ 30 | 58.8 ± 10.7 | 13 (81.2) | 35.0 ± 9.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||||||
Severe OSA (24) | AHI > 30 | 49.7 ± 12.7 | 22 (91.7) | 38.9 ± 9.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||||||
Buonauro [83] | 2017 | Italy | 88 | Control (29) | AHI ≤ 5 | 52.9 ± 10.5 | 23 (79.3) | 26.3 ± 3.4 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Cardiorespiratory monitoring | 6 | |||||
OSA (59) | AHI > 15 | 54.4 ± 11.2 | 49 (83.1) | 33.2 ± 7.2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 42.0 ± 24.3 | |||||||||||
Vural [84] | 2017 | Turkey | 162 | Control (45) | AHI < 5 | 48.1 ± 11.8 | 24 (53.3) | 26.7 ± 1.5 | 10 (44.4) | 21 (46.7) | 4 (8.9) | NA | 2.8 ± 1.0 | PSG | 8 | |||||
Mild (22) | AHI 5–15 | 47.7 ± 11.8 | 14 (63.6) | 27.2 ± 1.3 | 13 (59.1) | 9 (40.9) | 4 (18.2) | NA | 9.3 ± 3.2 | |||||||||||
Moderate (27) | AHI 15–30 | 49.4 ± 12.1 | 13 (56.5) | 27.2 ± 1.3 | 16 (69.6) | 14 (60.9) | 5 (21.7) | NA | 24.9 ± 3.9 | |||||||||||
Severe (68) | AHI ≥ 30 | 49.9 ± 9.5 | 34 (59.6) | 27.6 ± 2.3 | 31 (54.4) | 26 (45.6) | 9 (15.8) | NA | 57.3 ± 20.4 | |||||||||||
Zhou [85] | 2017 | China | 82 | Control (19) | AHI ≤ 5 | 52.0 ± 10.8 | 12 (63.2) | 24.2 ± 3.7 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | NA | PSG | 7 | |||||
Mild (21) | 5 < AHI < 15 | 52.8 ± 11.9 | 15 (71.4) | 29.6 ± 9.1 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | ||||||||||||
Moderate (19) | 15 ≤ AHI < 30 | 55.7 ± 12.4 | 13 (68.4) | 35.2 ± 10.1 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | ||||||||||||
Severe (23) | AHI ≥ 30 | 50.2 ± 12.1 | 18 (78.3) | 39.2 ± 9.8 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | ||||||||||||
Çetin [86] | 2018 | Turkey | 55 | Group I (26) | AHI 5–30 | 49.0 ± 10.8 | 17 (66) | 26.9 ± 1.6 | 12 (46) | 12 (46) | 4 (15) | NA | 8.9 ± 9.8 | PSG | 6 | |||||
Group II (29) | AHI ≥ 30 | 49.9 ± 9.4 | 15 (52) | 27.2 ± 2.4 | 15 (51) | 14 (48) | 6 (20) | NA | 61.1 ± 21.0 | |||||||||||
Li [87] | 2018 | China | 101 | Control (30) | AHI ≤ 5 | 46.82 ± 5.45 | 17 (56.7) | 27.06 ± 4.38 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 1.75 ± 0.99 | PSG | 7 | |||||
Mild OSA (23) | AHI 5–15 | 47.31 ± 6.15 | 13 (56.5) | 28.40 ± 3.12 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 13.96 ± 3.98 | |||||||||||
Moderate OSA (25) | AHI 16–30 | 47.96 ± 7.90 | 14 (56) | 29.83 ± 5.05 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 24.01 ± 3.56 | |||||||||||
Severe OSA (23) | AHI > 30 | 48.55 ± 5.43 | 14 (60.9) | 32.97 ± 3.59 | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 39.61 ± 6.64 | |||||||||||
CMR | ||||||||||||||||||||
Javaheri [88] | 2016 | USA | 1412 | AHI < 5 (256) | AHI < 5 | 66.2 ± 8.7 | 69 (27.0) | 26.1 ± 5.1 | 126 (49.2) | NA | 27 (10.6) | NA | N/A | PSG | 7 | |||||
AHI 5–15 (511) | AHI 5–15 | 67.4 ± 8.6 | 194 (38.0) | 27.7 ± 4.7 | 270 (52.8) | NA | 57 (11.2) | NA | ||||||||||||
AHI 15–30 (367) | AHI 15–30 | 69.0 ± 9.0 | 201 (54.8) | 28.6 ± 4.8 | 204 (55.6) | NA | 59 (16.1) | NA | ||||||||||||
AHI 30–50 (191) | AHI 30–50 | 69.2 ± 9.2 | 124 (64.9) | 29.6 ± 5.6 | 114 (59.7) | NA | 34 (17.9) | NA | ||||||||||||
AHI > 50 (87) | AHI > 50 | 68.5 ± 8.6 | 67 (77.0) | 31.1 ± 5.2 | 55 (63.2) | NA | 194 (13.8) | NA | ||||||||||||
SPECT | ||||||||||||||||||||
Wang [89] | 2013 | China | 63 | Control (17) | AHI < 5 | 51.0 (42.0, 54.0) | 13 (76.5) | 28.6 (25.2, 31.3) | NA | NA | 4 (23.5) | NA | 3.3 | PSG | 8 | |||||
Mild (15) | AHI 5–20 | 48.0 (39.0, 55.0) | 10 (66.7) | 28.4 (25.7, 31.7) | NA | NA | 3 (20.0) | NA | 9.1 | |||||||||||
Moderate (13) | AHI 21–30 | 44.0 (39.0, 47.0) | 9 (69.2) | 28.5 (27.2, 32.1) | NA | NA | 2 (15.4) | NA | 38.5 | |||||||||||
Severe (18) | AHI ≥ 31 | 45.0 (36.0, 51.0) | 17 (94.4) | 30.2 (28.7, 33.3) | NA | NA | 4 (22.2) | NA | 65.2 | |||||||||||