Table 2 List of selected studies
From: Are mental disorders related to disbelief in free will? A systematic review
Ent, 2014 [1] | Vonasch, 2017 [2] | van der Salm, 2017 [3] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | USA | USA | NL | |||
Exposures (N) | PD (23), epilepsy (16) | Addiction—alcohol, tobacco, other drugs and activities (not available) | Tics (17), FMD (28), myoclonus (15) | |||
Exposure determination | Formally diagnosed (self-report) | Yes/no questions about personal history of addiction | Standardized clinical assessment [6] | |||
Exposure recruitment settings | Online (Mechanical Turk) | Online (Mechanical Turk) | Clinical setting | |||
Control determination (N) | None (35) | Yes/no questions about personal history of addiction (not available) | Unknown (22) | |||
Control recruitment settings | Online (Mechanical Turk) | Online (Mechanical Turk) | Unknown | |||
Sociodemographic characteristics [age (mean, SD); gender (frequency—N of female)] | PD [age: not available; gender: 17] Epilepsy [age: not available; gender: 6] | Control [age: not available; gender: 21] | Unknown | Unknown | ||
Average age of all participants, 32.71 | ||||||
Outcome assessment tool | FWDS [4] (G: range 14–70; P: range 8–40) | FWDS [4] (G: range 14–70; P: range 8–40) | FAD [5] (free will subscale range 7–35) | |||
Outcome results (mean, SD) | PD [G: 55.91 (8.50); P: not available] Epilepsy [G: 52.63 (11.72); P: 29.50 (6.71)] | Control [G: 59.97 (6.69); P: 32.57 (4.24)] | ALC [G: 42.64 (1.31)a; P: 25.05 (0.63)a] TOB [not availableb] ODA [G: 43.51 (1.42)a; P: 24.97 (0.67)a] | ALC control [G: 47.43 (0.73)a; P: 26.76 (0.34)a] TOB control [not availableb] ODA control [G: 47.02 (0.73)a; P: 26.72 (0.34)a] | Tics [26.4 (4.1)] FMD [26.3 (2.6)] Myoclonus [24.9 (3.6)] | Control [25.4 (3.8)] |
Type of study | Cross-sectional | Cross-sectional | Cross-sectional | |||