Table 1 Summary of interventions to increase regular physical activity for weight management

1

Simon

2008

France

Random cluster trial

C: N = 479; I: N = 475

Range 9. 9–13.8 years

BMI:

I = 21.32 (20.90; 21.75) kg/m²

C= 21.68 (21.45; 21.91) kg/m²

Target group=Student (six-graders)

In addition to the standard school curriculum, the intervention program includes - Three 50-min classes during the week

- Holding sports and cycling competitions at school and encouraging and supporting parents and educators in improving the level of physical activity of adolescents through regular sessions.

Results were obtained from 848 students at the end of the second academic year. 778 in 3 years and 732 in 4 years

The model was not used

The primary consequence is change in body mass index and the secondary consequence is the promotion of physical activity

Change in BMI and the level of physical activity

2

Hagstr¨omer

2009

Sweden

Randomization

N = 31

Exercisegroup (n = 16) Controlgroup∗ (n = 15)

(Range 10–18 years)

BMI: I = 31.9 (5.4); C = 33.4 (4.0)

Target group = obese adolescent

Training sessions included: A variety of group activities over 13 weeks (1 h per week) conducted by management and coaching physiotherapist (one brisk walking session, 6 to 9 strength training sessions, and 10 to 13 swimming sessions).

The results were assessed in 16 adolescents in the intervention group and 15 adolescents in the control group

The model was not used

The primary consequence is a change in body mass index and the secondary consequence is the promotion of physical activity

Increased physical activity

p < 0.05

3

Ansari

2010

Egypt

Intervention in the target group of male and female students

N = 160

I: N = 80 ((35 boys, 45 girls)

C: N = 80 ((35 boys, 45 girls) Mange age+15. 7 years

BMI:

I = 20.9 (4.1); C = 21.2 (3.6)

Target group = adolescent school pupils

Students were offered two face-to-face sessions per week, each lasting about 30 min. There was one PE hour per week, which was much less than the international order for PA for teens, and attending these physical education classes were not mandatory, meaning students could not attend.

Data were collected at two time periods before and three months after the intervention.

The model was not used

Primary outcome: increased physical activity secondary outcome change in the anthropometric index.

The results of a separate study of male and female students in which the weight decreased by 12.5% after three months in the intervention group and increased by 37.3% in the control group.

4

Lison

2010

Spanish

Three-arm interventions: two intervention groups and one control group

2 intervention groups

I1: hospital, clinic group-based (GRX) N = 45

I2: home-based (HOX) N = 41

C: N = 24

BMI: HOX I = 29.7 3.7

GRX I = 28.5 3.8

C= 29.2 3.9

Target group = Overweight and obese children and adolescents,

The training was given to participants in the HOX group by a physical education instructor at the hospital. The program consisted of 5 sessions per week for 6 months (120 sessions) and the duration of each session was about 60 min. 5 min for warm-up and cooling (traction), 35 min of moderate aerobic activity, and 20 min of resistance training (low training exercises and high repetition).

The measurement was performed in two time periods before and 6 months after the intervention.

The model was not used

Primary outcome: increase physical activity intervention and weight loss, and a change in body mass index in both groups

A significant decrease in body fat percentage and body mass index was observed in both intervention groups (4, 0.16), hospital-based group and; (4.4%, 0.23), located at home, p < .001

5

Maloney

2012

Massachusetts

Randomized controlled trial

Treatment group (n = 33)

Comparison group (n = 31)

Ages of 9 and 17 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 85–94% (overweight category).

Range age = 9 and 17 years

BMI (percentage): I = 96.57 (3.69)

C = 96.64 (2.69)

Target group = overweight and obese children and adolescents

Participants in the therapy group received a DDR X dance package. Each disc contained more than 100 songs of different styles. Participants were randomly assigned to the control group, followed by DDR software and dance packs for home use.

The measurement was performed two periods before and 12 weeks after the intervention. The model was not used

Preliminary results of the activity increase using accelerometer were evaluated

There was no significant change between pre- and post-intervention weight gain. 840. =p

6

II

2014

China

Nonrandom, controlled trial

N = 921

I: N = 388; C: N = 533

Aged 7 to 15 years

BM I = 19.59 kg/m²

BMI: I = 19.12 (4.28)

BMI: C = 19.93 (4.47)

Target group = students (489 boys and 432 girls)

During 12 weeks, the intervention group participated in a multi-component physical activity intervention that included:-Education of physical activity-Programming for overweight/obese students, PA at home-Lecture for students and parents

The change in the studied variables (change in the level of physical activity and weight) occurred in two time periods before the intervention and 3 months after the intervention

Models used: Ecological Social-ecological model

Changing the level of physical activity and BMI, HDL, LDL

The change in BMI in the intervention group (0.02–0.02 kg/m²) and change (MVPA) was significantly different from the control group (p = 0.001).

7

Simon

2014

France

Cluster-randomized controlled trial

N = 732

I: N = 275; C: N = 256

BMI=

I = 18.6 (3.3)

C = 18.8 (3.5)

Target group=

Students

Adolescents

The standard the curriculum includes three sessions of 50 minutes of physical training per week plus intervention based on the dynamic interaction between PA factors and targeting individuals, family and their peers, and their living environment to promote the adoption of an active lifestyle at home.

Following a 30-month follow-up, body mass index, fat mass index, recreational PA (active movement at home/school/work, TV viewing time), attitude toward PA in adolescents were measured.

The model was not used

Changes in indicators studied (BMI and fat)

The change was more than 1 week on TVT during the study with a change in additional BMI and FMI of more than 0.7 kg/m². The introduction of TVT changes in the models reduced the effect of the intervention on additional BMI and FMI by 34.8% and 27.4%, respectively.

8

Galena

2014

France

Randomized-controlled study

N = 54

(28 in the SWLP group, 26 in the SWLP + MI group

Ages of 11 and 18 years

BM I = 29.57 kg/m²

SWLP + M I = 29. 56 ± 4.75

SWLP= 29. 59 ± 5.92

Target group= obese adolescents

Phase 1, making participant’s acquaintance and building awareness

Phase 2, Alternatives and problem solving

Phase 3, Goal setting and agenda-setting

Phase 4, Behavior modification consequences and perspectives Behavior change feedback

Allocated to SWLP group (n = 34)

Analyzed (n = 28)

During 6 months

Allocated to SWLP + MI (n = 28)

Analyzed (n = 26)

Change in BMI

Change in PA

Change in motivational regulations

Change in perceived competence

No differential change over time was found for the SWLP + MI group as compared to the SWLP group, suggesting a similar increase for both groups on this variable (p = . 34).

9

Direito

2015

New Zealand

3-arm parallel RCT

N = 51 (I: N = 16; C: N = 18)

Range age = 14–17

BM I = 22.9 (SD 4.3) kg/m²

Zombies, Run = 23.17 (3.60)

Get running = 21.85 (3.14)

C = 23.43 (5.56)

Target group=adolescents

Use commercially available applications.

An 8-week training program

Measured in two stages before and 2 months later

The model was not used

Primary outcome: cardiac and respiratory preparedness secondary outcomes: PA levels (acceleration and self-reporting), pleasure, psychological satisfaction, self-efficacy and acceptance, and program usability.

There was no intervention effect in the initial result using any of the programs. Compared to control, the fitness test time is − 28.4 seconds shorter and for the all-round program group and − 24.7 s for the unconventional program group.

10

Ruotsalainen

2015

Finland

Three-arm randomized controlled trial

(Fb + Act, 푛 = 15)

(Feb, 푛 = 16)

Control group (푛 = 15).

BM I = 28.1 (SD 5.7)

Fb + Act = 29.7 (8.1)

Fb = 27.5 (4.2)

C = 27.0 (3.8)

Target group = obese adolescents

12 weeks of Facebook consultation and self-assessment of physical activity

Assess the level of physical activity before and 3 months after the intervention

The model was not used

Physical activity and weight control

No intervention effect was observed in terms of changes in physical activity level or BMI from the beginning to 12 weeks after the intervention among the intervention and control group.

11

Chen

2016

Taiwan

Randomized controlled trial

N = 50

I: N = 25; C: N = 25

Age range of 12–15 years

BMI=

I = 27.90 2.71

C = 29.98 3.97

Target group= Obese young adolescents

The physical activity program included a variety of moderate-intensity exercises four times a week for 40 min (5 min to warm up and cool down, 30 minutes for the main workout) for 3 months. Each participant received a physical activity booklet with three sections: a warm-up, instruction manual, an exercise description, and a daily exercise newspaper.

The measurement was performed in three stages before the intervention, one week later and 3 months after the intervention

The model was not used

Physical activity

Body mass index and cardiovascular function

The physical activity program improved participants' fitness and obesity status.

12

HAM

2016

Butter

Experimental study

N = 75

I: N = 48; C: N = 27

Range age = 8–13.

BMI=

I = 24.35 (2.73)

C = 24.22 (2.24)

Target group = overweight/obese children

The TTM-based sports counseling intervention group consisted of 8 sessions over a 3-month period (4 consecutive weeks for the first month and 2 weeks for the next week). Each individual counseling session lasted 30 min.

TTM model for measuring in 2 time periods before the intervention and 6 months after the intervention was used.

Changes in physical activity were based on model structures (behavioral change, self-efficacy), blood sugar, and BMI.

Self-efficacy increased significantly in the experimental group. According to the change steps, 36.2% of the experimental group performed at least one stage of their exercise behavior compared to 17.4% of the control group.

13

Hollis

2016

Australia

School-based Randomized controlled trial

N = 1150

I; N = 425; C: N = 560

(Mean age =12 years)

BMI=

I = 19.90 (3.59)

C = 20.19 (3.81)

Target group = children and adolescents

The school intervention involves seven strategies for physical activity that include the following: Curriculum (strategy to maximize physical activity in physical education training, student physical activity programs, an improved school exercise program). 2. School environment (physical activity during school breaks, school policy change).

The measurements were made in the three-time periods. Before, 12 months, and 24 months after the intervention

SDT and socio-ecological theory was used.

Changing physical activity Changing BMI

After the weight loss intervention and BMI, the students who were in the intervention group did not recover despite the increase in their physical activity.

14

Bagherniya

2018

Iran

Randomized controlled trial

N = 172

I: N = 87; C: N = 85

BMI=

29.47 (4.05) kg/m²

I = 29.2 (3.9

C = 27.2 (2.9)

Target group = overweight and obese girl students

The activities of this trial included: sports, workshops, private counseling sessions in the field of physical activities, practical and competitive sports sessions, family sports sessions, text messages, and newspapers.

Measurements were performed in the time periods before, the first follow-up 3 to 5 months later, and the second follow-up 7 months after the intervention.

SDT model was used

Changes in physical activity and BMI and model structures

PA and most of the psychological variables (self-efficacy, social support, and intention) increased significantly, the hours of watching television and computer games decreased significantly (p < 0.001).