Open defecation-free slippage and its associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review

Table 1 Characteristics of 12 included studies to estimate the pooled ODF slippage rate and identify associated factors in Ethiopia 2020

Authors	Region	Study setting	Study year	Publication year	Study design	Sampling method	Sample size (sampled HH)	Intervention program to achieve ODF	ODF certification (year)	OD HHs (event)	ODF slippage rate (event rate^a)
Ayalew et al. [13]	Amhara	CB	2016	2018	CC	Multi-stage	235	CLTSH	2013	30	0.128
Belachew et al. [24]	Tigray	CB	2106	2018	C	Multi-stage	450	CLTSH	2015	67	0.149
Crocker et al._K1 [19]	Oromia	CB	2013	2016	DID+Q	Multi-stage	800	CLTSH	2013	109	0.136
Crocker et al._K2 [19]	SNNP	CB	2013	2016	DID+Q	Multi-stage	733	CLTSH	2013	144	0.196
Crocker et al._K5 [19]	SNNP	CB	2013	2016	DID+Q	Multi-stage	1033	CLTSH	2013	275	0.266
Crocker et al._K6 [19]	SNNP	CB	2013	2016	DID+Q	Multi-stage	867	CLTSH	2013	216	0.249
Hunachew [25]	SNNP	CB	2013	2019	C+Q	Multi-stage	833	CLTSH	2011	208	0.25
Mamo et al. [14]	Oromia	CB	2017	2018	CC+Q	Multi-stage	380	CLTSH	2015	47	0.124
Negasa et al. [20]	Oromia	CB	2013	2015	C	Multi-stage	423	CLTSH	2011	120	0.284
Tyndale-Biscoe et al._Jimma [2]	Oromia	CB	2012	2013	S+Q	Multi-phase	802	CLTSH	2008	83	0.103
Tyndale-Biscoe et al._Shebedino [2]	SNNP	CB	2012	2013	S+Q	Multi-phase	975	CLTSH	2007	68	0.07
Roba [26]	Harari	CB	2014	2017	C+Q	SRS	420	CLTSH	2013	46	0.11
Megersa et al. [15]	Oromia	CB	2017	2019	CC	Multi-stage	355	CLTSH	2015	70	0.197
Tesfaye et al. [27]	SNNP	CB	2015	2018	C	Multi-stage	735	CLTSH	2013	124	0.169
Thomas [28]	Oromia	CB	2015	2016	CC	Multi-stage	322	CLTSH	2013	54	0.168
Tulu et al. [29]	SNNP	CB	2015	2017	CC	Multi-stage	352	CLTSH	2013	28	0.08
Total							9715			1689

C cross-sectional, CC comparative cross-sectional, DID difference-in-difference design, S survey, Q qualitative (focus group discussion and in-depth interview), OD open defecation, ODF open defecation-free, CB community-based, SRS simple random sampling, CLTSH Community-Led Total Sanitation and Hygiene, HH households
^aODF slippage rate (event rate) = \( \frac{\mathbf{OD}\ \mathbf{HH}\mathbf{s}\ \mathbf{from}\ \mathbf{sample}\mathbf{d}\ \mathbf{HH}\ \mathbf{in}\ \mathbf{ODF}\ \mathbf{village}\mathbf{s}\ \left(\mathbf{event}\right)}{\mathbf{Total}\ \mathbf{sample}\ \mathbf{size}\ \mathbf{from}\ \mathbf{ODF}\ \mathbf{village}\ \left(\mathbf{sampled}\ \mathbf{HH}\mathbf{s}\right)} \)

ISSN: 2046-4053