Table 3 Risk of bias for each trial included
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Random sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding of participants | Blinding of personnel/care providers | Blinding of outcome assessor | Incomplete outcome data | Selective reporting | Group similarity at baseline | Co-interventions | Compliance | Intention-to-treat analysis | Timing of outcome assessments | Other Bias | |
Bischoff et al. [23] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | 0 | Unclear | Unclear | 1 | 1 | Unclear | 1 | Unclear |
Blumenkopf [31] | 0 | Unclear | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | Unclear | 1 | Unclear | 1 | 1 | Unclear |
Bourne et al. [32] | Unclear | 1 | 1 | Unclear | Unclear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Egan et al. [27] | Unclear | Unclear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Unclear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Unclear |
Gögenur et al. [33] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Unclear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Gong et al. [28] | 1 | Unclear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Hershberger and Milad [34] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Unclear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Unclear |
Jacobsen et al. [29] | Unclear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Unclear | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Krenk et al. [24] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Nott et al. [26] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | 1 | 1 | 0 | Unclear | 1 | 1 | Unclear | 1 | 1 |
Riediger et al. [35] | 1 | Unclear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Sajedi et al. [30] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Unclear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Singh et al. [36] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | 1 | 1 | Unclear | Unclear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Unclear |
Tashjian et al. [25] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Unclear | 1 | 1 | Unclear |
Tompkins et al. [13] | Unclear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Unclear | 1 | Unclear | 1 | 1 | 0 |