Table 3 Summary of main results
Outcome | Mean difference IV, Fixed, (95% CI) | p value | Effect size (η2p) | p value | Intervention Mean (SD) | No intervention Mean (SD) | No. participants (studies) | Authors | Others | Quality of evidence (GRADE) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |||||||||
Weight changes (kg) | 0.0 (−11.69, 11.69) | 1.00*1 | 0.04*2 | 0.11*2 | 85.5 (16.2) | 85.9 (16.8) | 78.7 (21.0) | 79.1 (20.5) | 96 (1) | Lowe et al. | ⊕very low 1,2,3,5 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 308 (1) | Vermeer et al. | Self-assessment | ⊕ ⊕ low 1,2,3 | |
HbA1c (%) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ⊕very low 1,2,3,5 | ||
Blood pressure (mmHg) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Lowe et al. | ⊕very low 1,2,3,5 | ||
Cholesterol | ||||||||||||
Total cholesterol (mg) | 16.1 (−4.67, 36.87) | 0.13*1 | 0.07*2 | < 0.05*2 | 192.4 (32.4) | 201.8 (28.9) | 204.1 (41.8) | 197.4 (42.3) | 96 (1) | Lowe et al. | ⊕very low 1,2,3,5 | |
High-density lipoprotein (mg) | 4.2 (−5.66, 14.06) | 0.40*1 | 0.06*2 | < 0.05*2 | 58.4 (16.6) | 60.9 (16.6) | 58.7 (19.5) | 57.0 (16.9) | 96 (1) | Lowe et al. | ⊕very low 1,2,3,5 | |
Low-density lipoprotein (mg) | 10.1 (−9.00, 29.20) | 0.30*1 | 0.05*2 | 0.08*2 | 115.4 (31.6) | 121.5 (31.3) | 124.1 (34.4) | 120.1 (37.5) | 96 (1) | Lowe et al. | ⊕very low 1,2,3,5 | |
Fruit | – | 0.07*2 | < 0.05*2 | 0.77SV | 0.98SV | 1.41SV | 0.96SV | 96 (1) | Lowe et al. | 24-h dietary recall | ⊕ ⊕ low 1,3,4 | |