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Research
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Empirical study: research based directly on observation, experiment, or simulation rather than on reasoning or theory alone [26, 47].
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Systematic review: collation and interpretation of existing empirical studies using systematic and explicit methods [48].
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Review of reviews: collation and interpretation of existing systematic reviews [48].
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Types of research
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Qualitative study: research that aims at exploring and understanding phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them [49, 50].
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Qualitative review: review combining qualitative studies.
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Review of qualitative reviews: review combining qualitative reviews.
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Quantitative study: research that aims at testing theories by examining the relationship among variables [49].
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Quantitative review: review combining quantitative studies.
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Review of quantitative reviews: review combining quantitative reviews.
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Mixed methods study: research involving collecting and integrating both quantitative and qualitative data [49].
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Mixed studies review: review combining qualitative, quantitative, and/or mixed methods studies.
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Review of mixed studies reviews: review combining mixed studies reviews.
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Data
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Primary data collected from fieldwork or lab work.
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Findings from included studies.
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Findings from included reviews.
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Data analysis
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Analysis: a step within empirical study of investigating, making sense of, interpreting, and/or theorizing primary data using statistical and/or text analysis procedures [49, 51].
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Synthesis: a step within a systematic review consisting of creating something new of findings from included studies [48].
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Synthesis of findings across included reviews.
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