Study year | Country | Study characteristics | Outcomes | Sample size | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal | Fetal | ||||
Althuizen 2012 | Netherlands | Ethnically diverse; no BMI restrictions; age, nr; GA at inclusion, <14 weeks; glucose status, nr; other risk factors, nr | GWG, GDM, preterm delivery, CS | Birth weight, macrosomia | 269 |
Barakat 2009 | Spain | Caucasian; BMI restrictions, nr; age, 25–35 years; GA at inclusion, nr (total at least 26 weeks intervention); glucose status, nr; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, preterm delivery | Birth weight, LGA, SGA, AS, macrosomia (>4,000 g) | 142 |
Barakat 2011 | Spain | Spanish (White); BMI restrictions, nr; age, 23–38 years; GA at inclusion, first prenatal visit; glucose status, nr; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA CS, vaginal delivery | Birth weight, AS | 80 |
Barakat 2013 | Spain | Caucasian; no BMI restrictions; age, nr; GA at inclusion, <10 weeks; glucose status, nr; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, GDM, PIH, preterm delivery | Birth weight, AS | 765 |
Bogaerts 2012 | Belgium | Ethnically diverse; BMI, ≥29 kg/m2; age, nr; GA at inclusion, <15 weeks; nondiabetic; other risk factors, nr | GWG, GA, PE, PIH, GDM, IOL, CS, vaginal delivery | Birth weight, AS | 197 |
Cavalcante 2009 | Brazil | Race, nr; no morbid obesity; age restrictions, nr; GA at inclusion, 16–20 weeks; glucose status, nr; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, preterm delivery | Birth weight | 71 |
Clapp 1997 | USA | Race, nr; no morbid obesity; age restrictions, nr; GA at inclusion, 8 weeks; glucose status, nr; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG | Birth weight | 51 |
Clapp 2000 | USA | Race, nr; no morbid obesity; age restrictions, nr; GA at inclusion, 8 weeks; glucose status, nr; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA | Birth weight | 12 |
Dodd 2014 | Australia | Race, nr; BMI, ≥25 kg/m2; age restrictions, nr; GA at inclusion, <20 weeks; nondiabetic; other risk factors, nr | PE, PIH, GDM, IOL, CS, preterm delivery | LGA, macrosomia (>4,000 g), hypoglycaemia, shoulder dystocia, admission to NICU | 1,582 |
El Beltagy 2013 | Egypt | Race, nr; BMI, obese; age restrictions, nr; GA at inclusion, first antenatal visit; glucose status, nr; other risk factors, nr | GWG, GDM | Birth weight, macrosomia | 100 |
Grant 2013 | Canada | Race, predominantly non-Caucasian; BMI restrictions, nr; age, >18 years, GA at inclusion, nr; glucose status, impaired glucose tolerance or GDM; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG | Birth weight, macrosomia | 47 |
Guelinckx 2010 | Belgium | Caucasian; BMI, ≥29 kg/m2; age restrictions, nr; GA at inclusion, <15 weeks; nondiabetic; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, PE, PIH, IOL, CS | Birth weight, LGA | 85 |
Haakstad 2011 | Norway | Race, nr; BMI restrictions, nr; age restrictions, nr; GA at inclusion, <24 weeks; glucose status, nr; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG | 105 | |
Hui 2006 | Canada | Ethnically diverse; BMI restrictions, nr; age restrictions, nr; GA at inclusion, <26 weeks; nondiabetic; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, GDM | Birth weight, LGA | 45 |
Hui 2011 | Canada | Race, nr; BMI restrictions, nr; age restrictions, nr; GA at inclusion, 20–26 weeks; nondiabetic; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, GDM, CS | Birth weight, LGA | 224 |
Jackson 2010 | USA | Ethnically diverse; BMI restrictions, nr; age, >18 years; GA at inclusion, <26 weeks; glucose status, nr; other risk factors, nr | GWG | 321 | |
Jeffries 2009 | Australia | Race, nr; BMI restrictions, none; age, >18 to <45 years, GA at inclusion, <14 weeks; nondiabetic; other risk factors, nr | GWG, PE, PIH, GDM , preterm delivery, CS | Birth weight, LGA, SGA, hypoglycaemia, shoulder dystocia | 236 |
Khaledan 2010 | Iran | Race, nr; BMI restrictions, nr; age restrictions, nr; GA at inclusion, 24–32 weeks; no diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) with poor control; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, CS | Birth weight | 39 |
Khoury 2005 | Norway | Caucasian; BMI, 19–32 kg/m2; age, 21–38 years; GA at inclusion, 17–20 weeks; nondiabetic; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, PE, preterm delivery | Birth weight, SGA, intra-uterine death | 290 |
Luoto 2011 | Finland | Race, nr; BMI, >17 kg/m2; age, >18 years; GA at inclusion, 8–12 weeks; nondiabetic; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, PE, GDM | Birth weight, LGA, SGA | 399 |
Nascimento 2011 | Brazil | Race, nr; BMI, >26 kg/m2; age >18 years; GA at inclusion, 14–24 weeks; nondiabetic; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, PIH, GDM, CS | Birth weight, AS, LGA, SGA | 82 |
Ong 2009 | Australia | Race, nr; obese; age restrictions, nr; GA at inclusion, 18 weeks; nondiabetic; other risk factors, nr | GWG | 12 | |
Oostdam 2012 | Netherlands | Ethnically diverse; BMI, ≥25.0 kg/m2; age, >18 years; GA at inclusion, <20 weeks; nondiabetic; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GDM | Birth weight | 124 |
Phelan 2011 | USA | Ethnically diverse; BMI, ≥19.8–26.0 kg/m2; age >18 years; GA at inclusion, 10–16 weeks; glucose status, nr; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, PE, PIH, GDM, preterm delivery, CS | Birth weight, macrosomia, birth weight <2,500 g | 401 |
Poston 2013 | UK | Race, nr; BMI, ≥30 kg/m2; age restrictions, nr; GA at inclusion, >15+0 weeks and <17+6; nondiabetic; no known pre-existing health problems | GA, GWG, PE, GDM, mode of delivery | Birth weight, macrosomia, still birth | 183 |
Prevedel 2003 | Brazil | Race, nr; BMI restrictions, nr; age restrictions, nr (primiparous or adolescents); GA at inclusion, 16–20 weeks; glucose status, nr; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, preterm delivery | Birth weight, SGA | 132 |
Rauh 2013 | Germany | Race, nr; BMI, ≥18.5 kg/m2; age, ≥18 years; GA at inclusion, <18 weeks; nondiabetic; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GDM, IOL, CS, preterm delivery | LGA, SGA | 250 |
Sagedal 2014 | Norway | Race, nr; BMI, ≥19 kg/m2; age, ≥18 years; GA at inclusion, <20 weeks; nondiabetic; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GDM, CS | LGA | 600 |
Stafne 2012 | Norway | White; no BMI restrictions; age, >18 years; GA at inclusion, 18–22 weeks; nondiabetic; no known pre-existing health problems | GA, PE, PIH, GDM, CS | Birth weight, AS, LGA, admission to NICU | 124 |
Vesco 2013 | USA | Race, nr; BMI, ≥30 kg/m2; age, nr; GA at inclusion, <20 weeks; nondiabetic; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, PE, PIH, GDM, CS, preterm delivery | Birth weight, LGA, SGA, macrosomia (4,000 g) | 114 |
Vinter 2011 | Denmark | Caucasian; BMI, 30–45 kg/m2; age, 18–40 years; GA at inclusion, 10–14 weeks; nondiabetic; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, PE, PIH, GDM, CS | LGA, admission to NICU | 855 |
Vitolo 2011 | Brazil | Race, nr; BMI restrictions, none; age, <35 years; GA at inclusion, 10–29 weeks; nondiabetic; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, PE, PIH, GDM, preterm birth | Birth weight | 315 |
Walsch 2012 | Ireland | Race, nr; BMI restrictions, nr; age, >18 years; GA at inclusion, <18 weeks; nondiabetic; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, preterm delivery, IOL, CS | Birth weight, macrosomia | 304 |
Wolff 2008 | Denmark | Caucasian; BMI, ≥30 kg/m2; age, >18 to <45 years; GA at inclusion, <18 weeks; nondiabetic; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG PE, PIH, GDM , CS | Birth weight | 800 |
Yeo 2012 | USA | Ethnically diverse; BMI, >19.8 kg/m2; no age restrictions; GA at inclusion, 18 weeks; nondiabetic; no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, PE, PIH | Birth weight | 17 |