Mapping evidence of socio-cultural factors in intimate partner violence among young women: a scoping review protocol

Background Intimate partner violence among young women continues to be a worldwide concern. Globally, a considerable number of studies reported numerous factors that influence intimate partner violence among the young. The proposed scoping review aims to map available evidence of socio-cultural factors influencing intimate partner violence among young women. Methods We will conduct a scoping review to explore, describe and map literature on socio-cultural factors influencing intimate partner violence among young women. The search strategy for this scoping review study will involve electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Science Direct, EBSCOHost (PubMed, CINAHL with Full Text, MEDLINE), Google Scholar, BioMed Central and World Health Organization library. Articles will also be searched through the “Cited by” search as well as citations included in the reference lists of included articles. Keyword searches will be used, and two independent reviewers will be screening titles, abstracts and full articles; where there are disputes between the two reviewers, a third reviewer will intervene. Thematic analysis will be employed to present the narrative account of the review. Discussion Understanding socio-cultural factors influencing intimate partner violence among young women is critical. This will enable researchers to map existing literature, map research gaps and guide future research. Systematic review registration PROSPERO (CRD42018116463)


Background
Intimate partner violence (IPV) as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) is a global phenomenon of violent acts that include physical, sexual and psychological/emotional abuse by a current or former intimate partner [1]. The WHO estimates that one in three (>30%) women experience violence from their partners globally, and the region of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has shown higher prevalence where the statistics point to 36.6% [2,3].
IPV among young women have been the subject of intense debate within the scientific community. Worldwide, IPV among ever-partnered young women aged 20-24 years was estimated to be around 31.6% and 29.4% among women aged 15-24 years in 2013 [4]. Of concern is the early exposure of young women to IPV since they are in the transitional stages of development [3,5].
There are numerous factors influencing IPV among young women including HIV-positive status, level of education, economic status [6], alcohol abuse and sociocultural factors [7]. There is a consensus among social scientists that young women who are subjected to IPV are more likely to acquire negative health outcomes including unwanted pregnancy, abortion, sexually transmitted infections including HIV, injuries or being murdered [8]. While factors influencing IPV among women are well documented, it is particularly important to understand socio-cultural factors influencing IPV among young women. Knowing that this is potencially the group of population with other risk factors including the risk of IPV, therefore the impact of IPV could be relatevely higher [5,9]. Socio-cultural factors are beliefs, customs and practices within cultures and societies that affect the thoughts, feelings and behaviours of the community members [10]. Although socio-cultural factors influencing IPV are evident among older women, there are fewer studies focusing on younger women [7]. This information will be vital for researchers, governments and non-governmental organizations for the development of context-based primary interventions and policies. Further, the information generated from this review will benefit health authorities, health care workers, academics and general public. It will also be useful for educational purposes.
Therefore, this scoping review seeks to: ❖ Map existing types of socio-cultural factors influencing IPV among young women in Sub-Saharan Africa ❖ Map the extent in which socio-cultural factors promote IPV victimization of young women ❖ Determine the nature and quality of studies reporting evidence of socio-cultural factors on the intimate partner violence among young women The findings from this review will enable the researchers to examine the extent, range and nature of research activity on IPV and socio-cultural factors among young women in Sub-Saharan Africa. The findings will also enable the researchers to identify and describe the context in which young women experience IPV as well as the main reasons for it.

Methodology
The current scoping review protocol is registered and published in PROSPERO, an international prospective register for systematic reviews under the following registration number: CRD42018116463.
The framework adopted for conducting the proposed review is by Arksey and O'Malley [11]. Briefly, the framework involves (i) identifying the research question, (ii) identifying relevant studies, (iii) study selection, (iv) charting the data and (v) collating, summarizing and reporting the results. This scoping review will include quality appraisal of studies.

Identifying the research question
What is the available evidence of socio-cultural factors in IPV among young women? The research subquestions are: 1. Is there evidence of types of socio-cultural practices on IPV among young women in Sub-Saharan Africa?
2. Is there evidence that shows that socio-cultural factors contribute to IPV victimization among young women in Sub-Saharan Africa? 3. Is there evidence of the nature and quality of the studies reporting evidence of socio-cultural factors on IPV among young women in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Eligibility Criteria
The study will use an amended PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study setting) framework to determine the eligibility of the research questions (Table 1).

Inclusion criteria
We will include Studies that show evidence on socio-cultural factors on IPV Studies that show evidence of intervention on IPV Studies that include the following outcomes: IPV, socio-cultural factors, morbidity/mortality and health effects of IPV Studies done in SSA

Exclusion criteria
We will exclude Studies reporting evidence of IPV among women under the age of 15 and women above the age of 24 Studies that were published before 2008 Studies on non-partner intimate violence Studies evidencing intervention on non-male intimate partner violence against women

Identifying relevant studies
Primary research articles published in peer-reviewed journals, review articles and grey literature that addresses the main research question will be included in this study. All study designs will be included in this review. Databases that the study will use to source literature include PubMed, CINAHL with Full Text, Health Sources MED-LINE, World Health Organization (WHO) and governmental websites which would be searched for policies and reports. This study will also use reference lists and existing networks such as organizations and conferences to source relevant literature. The search terms will include "Intimate partner violence", "Factors influencing intimate partner violence", "socio-cultural factors on the intimate partner violence", "dating violence", and "domestic violence". This review will search studies that were published in any language; by not restricting languages of publications, all languages will thus be included.
The search strategy will be first piloted to determine the validity and reliability of the criteria of the study selection ( Table 2). The pilot search results are presented in Appendix 1 ( Table 4). The engine used is the MEDLINE database via EBSCOHost using the MeSH terms for searching.

Study selection
The study will conduct a comprehensive title screening by searching and uploading all literature search results on Endnote X7 software (Fig. 1). All the studies that do not address the research questions will be excluded together with all the duplicates. The reviewers will seek assistance from the UKZN library services for articles that are difficult to find. The reviewers will also contact authors to request full copies of the included articles that are not available via the databases and UKZN library. The final Endnote database will be shared among the review team for abstract screening; at this stage, two independent reviewers will screen the abstracts and full articles, with guidance from the inclusion criteria. Copies of full articles for eligible studies will be obtained and maintained for data extraction. Charting the data The researchers will use a standardized data extraction sheet (Appendix 2, Table 5). The sheet will include bibliographic details, study design, number of participants, intervention, study setting, significant findings and conclusions for the primary and the secondary outcomes of the intervention (Table 3).

Collating, summarizing and reporting the results
The researchers will present a narrative account of the findings from the existing literature through a thematic content analysis of the extracted literature. The themes will be structured around the following interned outcomes which will be coded by all authors independently: socio-cultural, economic and behavioural factors, and experiences and reasons for acceptance of IPV. The emerging theme will also be reported. In aiding the thematic analysis, NVivo version 10 shall be used. The subsequent processes will be followed: Coding Categorize codes into major themes Build theme-related themes (cut-and-paste technique) Display data Identify patterns in the data and identify sub-themes Summarize

Quality assessment
Authors will interrogate the resulting themes and critically examine their relationship to the research questions. Authors will also scrutinize the meanings of the findings as they relate to the overall aim of the study and the implications for future research. A quality appraisal tool which focuses on the study methods, the Mixed Method Quality Appraisal Tool (MMAT), version 2011, will be used [12]. The tool will be used to examine the quality of an article looking at the following aspects: the appropriateness of the aim of the study, adequacy and methodology, study design, participant recruitment, data collection, data analysis, presentation of findings, authors' discussions and conclusions.

Discussion
The scoping review will be conducted as a first part of the study focusing on socio-cultural factors influencing IPVAYW in Mozambique. This scoping review aims to map evidence of socio-cultural factors in IPV among young women in SSA. The findings of this review will identify the extent to which sociocultural factors among young women influence IPV.
The purpose is to establish the extent of existing research on socio-cultural factors on IPV in SSA. Although studies on factors of IPV are taking place in these countries [7], there is still a scarcity of evidence on types of socio-cultural factors on the IPVAYW [1,10]. The researchers will limit the research to include published studies from 2008 to 2019. A 10-year literature search is more likely to yield a comprehensive and balanced account of previous and current research in the area and to capture past as well as emerging perspectives on interventions on sociocultural factors on IPV. This review will exclude studies that report evidence on non-partner intimate violence, as the focus is on intimate partner violence. The researchers therefore anticipate finding relevant literature on IPV in SSA. The results will provide documented evidence on socio-cultural factors on the IPVAYW and will help identify requirement priorities for primary research in this area. Due to how this study proposes to guide future research, the dissemination plans include presentations on public health institutions, local stakeholders, conference presentations and publication in journals. The review will also identify priorities for primary research and future research.