From: Hyponatremia and aging-related diseases: key player or innocent bystander? A systematic review
Study | Study design | Sodium level | Definition of hyponatremia used | Timing of sodium measurement | Participants (number) | Age of participants (years) | Gender | Etiology of hyponatremia | Cognitive scores | Diuretics | Main outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chung et al. (2017) [48] | Retrospective cohort | Not reported | According to ICD-9-CM, no further definition | Single at baseline | 24,445 | No. of subjects < 65 years: 1797 (36.7%) No. of subjects > 65 years: 3103 (63.3%) | 44.8% F | Hyponatremia related to heart failure, liver cirrhosis, diabetes, malignancy, diuretic use | Dementia diagnosed according to ICD-9-CM | Furosemide, thiazides. Dosage not reported | Hyponatremia as a predictor of dementia |
C. Fujisawa et al. (2021) [49] | Prospective cohort | Not reported | Serum sodium < 135 mEq/l | Single at baseline | 2982 | 82.0 (76.0–84.0) in hyponatremic vs 79.0 (75–83) in normonatremic Median years (IQR) | 48% F | Hyponatremia related to cardiac disease, liver disease, diabetes, diuretic use | MMSE, FAB, Digit span forward, Digit span backward, category fluency, logical memory | Type and dosage of diuretics not specified | Association between hyponatremia and cognitive impairment, muscle mass, physical performance |
Gosch et al. (2012) [13] | Case control | 128 ± 3.2 mEq/l (mean ± SD) in hyponatremic group | Serum sodium < 135 mEq/l | Single at admission | 2880 | 78.6 (6.98) Mean years (SD) | 75.6% F | Hypo- (4.7%), and normo-osmolar (1.6%) hyponatremia, adverse drug reaction (15.5%), hyponatremia related to heart failure (3.1%), severe liver disease (0.8%), cancer (1.6%), adrenal insufficiency (1.6%), SIADH (0.8%) | MMSE, clock completion | Type and dosage of diuretic not specified | Effect of hyponatremia on CGA |
Pereira et al. (2006) [50] | Prospective cohort | Not reported | Serum sodium < 135 mEq/l | Single at baseline | 306 | 74 (8.7) Mean years (SD) | 50.33% F | Not evaluated | BLAD | Not evaluated | Frequency of laboratory abnormality in MCI and dementia |
Suárez et al. (2020) [51] | Prospective cohort | 122 mEq/l (median) in hyponatremia group | Serum sodium < 130 mEq/l | Single at admission | 180 | 68 (61–78, cases), 72 (65–78) controls Median years (IQR) | 52.31% F | Hyponatremia related to congestive heart disease, liver disease, chronic renal disease, diabetes, malignancy | MMSE, DemTect test, trail-making tests A and B | Thiazides, loop diuretics. Dosage not reported | Differences in cognitive performances between groups, and before and after treatment |