Table 2 Summary of comparative intervention characteristics
Interventions characteristics | n participants | Effect estimate (95% CI) | Heterogeneity, χ² (p value) | Inconsistency, I 2 (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Anxiety outcomes | ||||
 Mobile applications | 76 | − 0.52 (− 0.04, − 1.00) | N/A | N/A |
 Digital video disc (other) | 220 | − 0.15 (0.11, − 0.42) | N/A | N/A |
 Computer software | 114 | − 0.57 (− 0.18, − 0.96) | 3.08 (0.08) | 67.55 |
 Connected devices | 51 | − 0.22 (0.33, − 0.77) | N/A | N/A |
 Electronic messaging | 2700 | − 0.48 (− 0.39, − 0.56) | 95.30 (< .0005) | 79.01 |
 Internet/website | 8305 | − 0.39 (− 0.35, − 0.44) | 396.02 (< .0005) | 85.61 |
 Telehealth/telemedecine | 394 | − 0.50 (− 0.29, − 0.70) | 21.48 (< .0005) | 86.03 |
 Virtual reality | 80 | − 1.73 (− 1.21, − 2.25) | N/A | N/A |
 Self− administred | 5312 | − 0.35 (− 0.30, − 0.41) | 231.19 (< .0005) | 87.46 |
 Partially guided | 3206 | − 0.46 (− 0.39, − 0.53) | 155.93 (< .0005) | 82.04 |
 Guided | 201 | − 0.46 (− 0.16, − 0.76) | 36.55 (< .0005) | 94.53 |
 Overall effect | 8719 | − 0.40 (− 0.35, − 0.44) | 428.75 (< .0005) | 85.77 |
Depression outcomes | ||||
 Mobile applications | 196 | − 0.26 (0,02, − 0.55) | 0.09 (0.768) | 0 |
 Digital video disc (other) | 273 | − 0.10 (0.14, − 0.34) | 1.41 (0.241) | 29.01 |
 Computer software | 191 | − 0.55 (− 0.26, − 0.85) | 5.71 (0.134) | 47.42 |
 Connected devices | 51 | − 0.13 (0.42, − 0.68) | N/A | N/A |
 Electronic messaging | 2915 | − 0.48 (− 0.40, − 0.56) | 146.62 (< .0005) | 83.63 |
 Internet/website | 9492 | − 0.33 (− 0.29, − 0.37) | 299.91 (< .0005) | 76.99 |
 Telehealth/telemedecine | 394 | − 0.75 (− 0.54, − 0.96) | 15.18 (0.002) | 80.24 |
 Self-administred | 6379 | − 0.28 (− 0.23, − 0.33) | 113.53 (< .0005) | 65.65 |
 Partially guided | 3470 | − 0.43 (− 0.36, − 0.50) | 176.59 (< .0005) | 81.88 |
 Guided | 121 | 0.16 (0.53, − 0.22) | 4.96 (0.026) | 79.82 |
 Depression overall effect | 9970 | − 0.33 (− 0.29, − 0.37) | 312.90 (< .0005) | 76.35 |