Table 2 Subgroup analyses of rice bran supplementation on lipid profile in adults

Subgroup analyses of rice bran supplementation on triglyceride (TG)

Overall effect

11

-11.38 (-27.73, 4.96)

 < 0.001

79.5%

Baseline TG (mg/dl)

   < 150

7

-8.73 (-24.81, 7.34)

0.001

72.3%

0.949

   ≥ 150

4

-10.44 (-60.94, 40.05)

 < 0.001

87.6%

Country

  USA

5

-10.22 (-28.71, 8.27)

0.083

51.5%

0.906

  non-USA

6

-12.38 (-43.05, 18.29)

 < 0.001

87.5%

Type of study

  Parallel

7

-11.23 (-43.54, 21.08)

 < 0.001

81.5%

0.868

  Cross-over

4

-8.05 (-27.18, 11.07)

0.001

80.7%

Age (year)

   < 50

4

-27.58 (-49.01, -6.15)

 < 0.001

85.5%

0.048

   ≥ 50

7

2.59 (-18.36, 23.56)

0.043

53.9%

Trial duration (week)

   ≤ 4

8

-11.56 (-30.55, 7.41)

 < 0.001

83.5%

0.947

   > 4

3

-10.12 (-48.39, 28.14)

0.063

63.9%

Intervention dose (g/day)

   < 60

6

-11.02 (-48.50, 26.44)

 < 0.001

87.2%

0.979

   ≥ 60

5

-11.57 (-26.35, 3.19)

0.042

59.7%

Health status

  Hypercholesterolemic

7

-0.00 (-18.39, 18.38)

 < 0.001

77.4%

0.098

  non-hypercholesterolemic

4

-33.48 (-68.61, 1.64)

0.003

78.7%

Sex

  Both sexes

3

-22.80 (-43.27, -2.34)

 < 0.001

75.5%

0.023

  Male

7

-0.48 (-18.46, 17.49)

0.123

52.2%

  Female

1

-11.38 (-27.73, 4.96)

Baseline BMI (kg/m²)

  Normal (18.5–24.9)

3

14.34 (-4.18, 32.87)

0.465

0.0%

0.001

  Overweight (25–29.9)

7

-24.73 (-41.02, 08.45)

 < 0.001

75.4%

  Obese (> 30)

1

62.000 (-0.08, 124.08)

Subgroup analyses of rice bran supplementation on total cholesterol (TC)

Overall effect

11

-0.68(-7.25, 5.88)

 < 0.001

79.5%

Baseline TC (mg/dl)

   < 200

0

-

-

-

-

   ≥ 200

11

-0.68 (-7.25, 5.88)

 < 0.001

92.3%

Country

  USA

5

-2.18 (-9.89, 5.52)

0.006

72.0%

0.699

  non-USA

6

0.86 (-12.54, 14.27)

 < 0.001

84.0%

Type of study

  Parallel

7

-4.26 (-15.62, 7.09)

 < 0.001

79.9%

0.250

  Cross-over

4

4.52 (-5.23, 14.29)

0.001

82.8%

Age (year)

   < 50

4

-1.32 (-5.21, 2.57)

0.301

18.0%

0.936

   ≥ 50

7

-0.77 (-13.66, 12.12)

 < 0.001

86.1%

Trial duration (week)

   ≤ 4

8

2.32 (-3.71, 8.36)

0.002

69.2%

0.318

   > 4

3

-12.17 (-39.97, 15.63)

 < 0.001

91.5%

Intervention dose (g/day)

   < 60

6

-0.94(-13.57, 11.68)

 < 0.001

83.7%

0.949

   ≥ 60

5

-0.43(-9.44, 8.57)

0.002

76.6%

Health status

  Hypercholesterolemic

7

4.12(-4.73, 12.97)

 < 0.001

83.1%

0.063

  non-Hypercholesterolemic

4

-9.09(-19.81, 1.63)

0.030

66.5%

Sex

  Both sexes

7

-5.75(-13.33, 1.826)

 < 0.001

77.1%

0.020

  Male

3

7.53(-3.68, 18.75)

0.054

65.8%

  Female

1

25.00(0.26, 49.73)

Baseline BMI (kg/m²)

  Normal (18.5–24.9)

3

3.23(-17.37, 23.84)

 < 0.001

90.3%

0.072

  Overweight (25–29.9)

7

-3.97(-9.89, 1.95)

0.018

60.7%

  Obese (> 30)

1

25.00(0.26, 49.73)

Subgroup analyses of rice bran supplementation on low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)

Overall effect

11

-1.68(-8.46, 5.09)

 < 0.001

81.2%

Baseline LDL-C(mg/dl)

  < 130

3

-13.60 (-38.34, 11.13)

 < 0.001

89.6%

0.245

  ≥ 130

8

1.62(-5.30, 8.55)

 < 0.001

76.8%

Country

 USA

5

-2.58 (-9.07, 3.90)

0.035

61.3%

0.792

  non-USA

6

-0.29 (-16.03, 15.45)

 < 0.001

88.1%

Type of study

  Parallel

7

-5.17 (-18.71, 8.37)

 < 0.001

85.2%

0.274

  Cross-over

4

3.36 (-3.76, 10.48)

0.024

68.3%

Age (year)

   < 50

4

-0.64 (-6.34, 5.04)

0.130

46.8%

0.861

   ≥ 50

7

-2.00 (-16.04, 12.04)

 < 0.001

87.3%

Trial duration (week)

   ≤ 4

8

2.78 (-3.12, 8.69)

0.005

65.5%

0.132

   > 4

3

-17.78 (-43.88, 8.31)

 < 0.001

91.6%

Intervention dose (g/day)

  < 60

6

-1.73 (-17.59, 14.11)

 < 0.001

87.1%

0.942

   ≥ 60

5

-1.09 (-8.29, 6.09)

0.007

71.9%

Health status

  Hypercholesterolemic

7

3.14 (-4.47, 10.77)

 < 0.001

79.0%

0.107

  non-Hypercholesterolemic

4

-12.33 (-29.56, 4.88)

 < 0.001

84.3%

Sex

  Both sexes

7

-8.11 (-16.79, 0.55)

 < 0.001

82.3%

0.001

  Male

3

6.55 (-1.14, 14.24)

0.221

33.7%

  Female

1

36.00 (11.62, 60.37)

Baseline BMI (kg/m²)

  Normal (18.5–24.9)

3

-0.46 (-18.07, 17.14)

0.001

86.7%

0.007

  Overweight (25–29.9)

7

-4.91 (-12.80, 2.97)

 < 0.001

78.9%

  Obese (> 30)

1

36.00 (11.62, 60.37)

Subgroup analyses of rice bran supplementation on high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)

Overall effect

11

0.16 (-1.52, 1.85)

0.005

60.3%

Baseline HDL-C (mg/dl)

  < 40

1

-3.00 (-12.53, 6.53)

0.508

  ≥ 40

10

0.27 (-1.47, 2.03)

0.003

64.1%

Country

  USA

5

-1.50 (-1.90, -1.10)

0.599

0.0%

0.138

  non-USA

6

0.96 (-2.27, 4.21)

0.006

69.7%

Type of study

  Parallel

7

0.82 (-2.25, 3.89)

0.006

67.0%

0.145

   Cross-over

4

-1.48 (-1.88, -1.08)

0.451

0.0%

Age (year)

  < 50

4

1.65 (-2.17, 5.49)

 < 0.001

86.6%

0.214

  ≥ 50

7

0.16 (-1.52, 1.85)

0.855

0.0%

Trial duration (week)

  ≤ 4

8

0.35 (-1.87, 2.58)

0.002

69.4%

0.534

  > 4

3

-0.70 (-3.19, 1.78)

0.342

6.8%

Intervention dose (g/day)

  < 60

6

0.31 (-3.17, 3.79)

0.861

71.7%

0.566

  ≥ 60

5

-0.77 (-2.08, 0.52)

0.243

18.8%

Health status

  Hypercholesterolemic

7

-1.45(-1.85, -1.06)

0.535

0.0%

0.297

  non-Hypercholesterolemic

4

0.90(-3.51, 5.33)

0.001

82.5%

Sex

  Both sexes

7

0.41(-1.92, 2.76)

0.001

73.6%

0.788

  Male

3

0.39(-1.98, 2.78)

0.921

0.0%

  Female

1

-3.00(-12.53, 6.53)

Baseline BMI (kg/m²)

  Normal (18.5–24.9)

3

1.05(-2.52, 4.64)

0.793

0.0%

0.724

  Overweight (25–29.9)

7

0.17(-1.88, 2.22)

0.001

73.7%

  Obese (> 30)

1

-3.00(-12.53, 6.53)