Study | Country; sites; recruitment dates | Number analysed; age range (median/mean) at recruitment | Population | Details of intervention | Primary outcome of study | Other outcomes measured |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O'Donohoe et al. (2006) [12] | Edinburgh, United Kingdom; single site; November to January | 186; 0–154 (median 35.5, IQR 12.0–74.5) months | Convenience sample of patients (< 13 years) presenting to the ED with medical problems requiring blood testing as part of their medical investigations | Venous blood at time of venepuncture BHB using POC MediSense Optium System by Abbott Laboratories, Berkshire, UK | Pattern of BHB levels, Predicting admission vs discharge | Illness severity, Feeding patterns |
Durnin et al. (2020) [18] | Dublin, Ireland; single site; April 2016 to February 2017 | 198; 2 months- 4.99 years (median 1.8 years) | Patients (aged 1 month–5 years) presenting to the paediatric ED with symptoms of vomiting and/or diarrhoea and/or decreased fluid intake with a 4-point Gorelick Scale of 2 or greater or concern at triage of possible hypoglycemia | Capillary blood at triage and 4 h later, BHB using POC Abbott Precision Xceed Pro system (Libertyville, IL, USA) | Relationship between triage POC BHB and the two Gorelick scores | Triage POC BHB and ED admission vs discharge, Triage POC BHB and presenting symptom duration |
Levy et al. (2013) [19] | Boston, USA; single site; November 2007 to December 2010 | 188; median 2.3 years (IQR 1.2–3.5 years) | Patients (aged 6 months–6 years) presenting to the paediatric ED with symptoms of gastroenteritis and were to receive IV fluids for dehydration | Blinded. Venous blood at time of intravenous cannulation. BHB using POC Precision Xtra blood ketone monitoring system (Abbott Laboratories, Libertyville, IL) | Relationship between serum BHB and degree of dehydration, Relationship between serum BHB and degree of metabolic acidosis via serum bicarbonate concentration | Relationship between serum BHB and prospectively assigned appearance score; serum glucose; and duration of symptoms |
Pikija et al. (2013) [23] | Varaždin, Croatia; single site; September 1, 2011 to November 30, 2011 | 51; 31–90 (median 77) years | Adult patients (≥ 18 years) with verified first-ever acute stroke | At presentation capillary blood BHB using POC Precision Xceed Pro β-ketone Monitoring system (Abbott Diabetes Care, Alamedia, CA, USA) | Relationship between capillary BHB and stroke severity (NIHSS score), Relationship between capillary BHB and disability prevalence (mRS score) | - |
Torres et al. (2018) [20] | Valladolid, Spain; single site; December 1, 2015 to November 30, 2016 | 233; 2.9 months to 14.17 years (mean 5.33 years) | Patients (≤ 14 years) who had ≥ 3 vomiting episodes in the last 4 h prior to ED presentation | After initial examination capillary blood BHB (no other details) | Relationship between capillary BHB and failure of oral rehydration | - |
Montero et al. (2022) [22] | Navarra; Spain; single site; February to December 2021 | 151; 2 groups analysed separately-group 1 mean 11.21 years (SD 2.64), group 2 mean 9.87 years (SD 3.08) | Patients (0–14 years) presenting to the paediatric ED with acute abdominal pain suggestive of acute appendicitis with at least 5 days of evolution and association with at least one of the following symptoms: hyporexia, nausea, vomiting, febrile fever, diarrhoea | Capillary blood at time of inclusion in study, on arrival at the paediatric ED, and before initiating intravenous hydration using blood beta-ketone test strip by Abbott Diabetes Care Ltd. analysed by FreeStyle Optimum Neo device | Relationship between capillary BHB and the diagnosis of paediatric acute appendicitis | Number of emetic episodes, days of admission |
Lee et al. (2019) [21] | Seoul, South Korea; single site; June 2015 to December 2018 | 42; mean 21.0 months (SD 11.5 months) | Patients 6 months–6 years of age diagnosed with benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis | Venous blood BHB (no other information) | Frequency of ketosis in children with benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis, relationship between ketosis severity and gastroenteritis or seizures | Gastroenteritis symptoms ≥ 4 days, number of seizures before and after ED arrival, and admission to ward |