| Included | Excluded |
---|---|---|
Aim | • Assess the association between any form of physical punishment and any child, adolescent, and/or adult outcome. | • Only assess the association between non-physical forms of discipline (e.g., psychological aggression, time-out) and any child outcome. |
Study type | • Quantitative (experimental, quasi-experimental, observational) • Access to information to calculate effect sizes | • Qualitative, theoretical, case study • No access to information to calculate effect sizes |
Publication date | • 2002–2022 | • Published before 2002 |
Publication type | • Peer-reviewed journal | • Gray literature (e.g., dissertations, working papers) |
Population | • Children, adolescents, and adults who experienced physical punishment in childhood or adolescence (<18 years of age) living in LMICs | • Children, adolescents, and adults living in high-income countries |
Exposure | • Exposure to or frequency/severity of any form of physical punishment | • Physical violence that is not used for the purpose of controlling the child’s behavior • Beliefs or attitudes towards physical punishment (rather than exposure) • Indices that do not allow independent measurement of physical punishment and outcome (i.e., same data source) |
Comparator | • Children, adolescent or adults who were not exposed to or were exposed less frequently or to less severe physical punishment | • No estimate for the association between physical punishment and outcome |
Outcomes | • Any individual child, adolescent or adult outcome | • No outcomes |
Language of publication | • Any | • None |