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Table 1 Inclusion criteria

From: Physical punishment and child, adolescent, and adult outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

 

Included

Excluded

Aim

• Assess the association between any form of physical punishment and any child, adolescent, and/or adult outcome.

• Only assess the association between non-physical forms of discipline (e.g., psychological aggression, time-out) and any child outcome.

Study type

• Quantitative (experimental, quasi-experimental, observational)

• Access to information to calculate effect sizes

• Qualitative, theoretical, case study

• No access to information to calculate effect sizes

Publication date

• 2002–2022

• Published before 2002

Publication type

• Peer-reviewed journal

• Gray literature (e.g., dissertations, working papers)

Population

• Children, adolescents, and adults who experienced physical punishment in childhood or adolescence (<18 years of age) living in LMICs

• Children, adolescents, and adults living in high-income countries

Exposure

• Exposure to or frequency/severity of any form of physical punishment

• Physical violence that is not used for the purpose of controlling the child’s behavior

• Beliefs or attitudes towards physical punishment (rather than exposure)

• Indices that do not allow independent measurement of physical punishment and outcome (i.e., same data source)

Comparator

• Children, adolescent or adults who were not exposed to or were exposed less frequently or to less severe physical punishment

• No estimate for the association between physical punishment and outcome

Outcomes

• Any individual child, adolescent or adult outcome

• No outcomes

Language of publication

• Any

• None