Table 2 Summary of all outcomes within included systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Study ID | Comparison | Experimental group (TWP regimen) | Control group | Subgroups | UTP | SCR | GFR | AALB | ALT | WBC | AEs | Overall qualitya |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wu W. H. 2010 [12] | TWP+Ctrl vs Ctrl; TWP+RASi vs Ctrl | 20/30/40 mg tid; 1–2 mg/kg/d; with tapering (partial studies) | Conventional therapy (or plus CTPM) | Stage of DKD | ↓ | ND | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Critically low |
Xie H. Y. 2012 [25] | TWP+Ctrl vs Ctrl | NR | Conventional therapy | No | ↓ | ↓ | NR | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | NR | Critically low |
Chen Y. 2013 [27] | TWP+Ctrl vs Ctrl | 10/20 mg tid; 1 mg·kg/d; 20/30/40 mg qd | Conventional therapy (or plus RASi/CTPM) | No | ↓ | ND | NR | ↑b | NR | NR | ↑ | Critically low |
Huang J. 2015 [28] | TWP+RASi vs RASi | 20 mg tid; 1 mg·kg/d; with tapering (partial studies) | RASi | Follow-up; proteinuria | ↓ | ND | NR | ↑ | NR | NR | ↑ | Low |
Luo J. J. 2016 [19] | NR | NR | NR | NR | ↓ | ND | ND | NR | NR | NR | NR | Critically low |
Liang X. H. 2016 [22] | TWP+Ctrl vs Ctrl | NR | Conventional therapy | No | ↓ | ↓ | NR | ↑ | NR | NR | NR | Critically low |
Liao Z. M. 2016 [20] | TWP+Ctrl vs Ctrl TWP vs ACEI | 10/20/40 mg tid; 20/30/40 mg qd; 1 mg·kg/d | Conventional therapy (or plus RASi/CTPM) | No | ↓ | ↓ | NR | ↑b | NR | NR | ↑ | Critically low |
Hong Y. 2016 [24] | TWP+Ctrl vs Ctrl | 20 mg tid; 1 mg·kg/d | ACEI/ARB | No | ↓ | ↓ | NR | NR | NR | NR | ↑ | Critically low |
Dai X. Y. 2018 [29] | TWP+Ctrl vs Ctrl TWP+TCM+Ctrl vs Ctrl | NR | Conventional therapy (or plus RASi/CTPM) | No | NR | ND | NR | ↑b | NR | NR | ↑ | Low |
Liu K. 2019 [21] | TWP+Ctrl vs Ctrl | 20/30 mg/0.3~0.5 mg·kg tid; 1 mg·kg/d; 60–90 mg/d bid-tid | ACEI/ARB | No | ↓ | ↓ | NR | NR | NR | NR | ↑ | Critically low |
Zhu G. S. 2019 [26] | TWP vs Ctrl | 20 mg tid; 1~2 mg·kg/d | ACEI/ARB | Follow-up | ↓ | ND | NR | NR | NR | NR | ND | Low |
Ren D. J. 2019 [23] | TWP+Ctrl vs Ctrl | 10~40 mg tid; 20/30 mg bid; 0.5~2 mg·kg/d | ACEI/ARB | Multiple subgroups | ↓ | ND | NR | ↑ | NR | NR | ↑ | Critically low |
Ye W. C. 2019 [30] | TWP+Ctrl vs Ctrl | 20~180 mg/d | Valsartan | Multiple subgroups | ↓ | ND | ND | ↑ | NR | NR | ↑ | Low |
Wang Y. 2020 [17] | TWP+Ctrl vs Ctrl | 10~40 mg tid; 0.75~2 mg·kg/d; with tapering (partial studies) | ARB | Follow-up | ↓ | ND | ND | ↑ | ↑ | ND | ↑ | Moderate |
Chen H. 2020 [14] | TWP+Ctrl vs Ctrl TWP+ACEI/ARB vs Ctrl | 20/40 mg tid; 1 mg·kg/d; with tapering (partial studies) | Conventional therapy (or plus RASi/CTPM) | No | NR | NR | NR | NR | ↑ | ↓ | ND | Critically low |
Fang L. 2020 [15] | TWP+Ctrl vs Ctrl TWP vs Ctrl | 10~60 mg tid; 1~1.5 mg·kg/d | Conventional therapy (ACEI/ARB or CTPM) | No | ↓ | NR | ↑ | NR | NR | NR | ↑ | Low |
Zhang M. J. 2020 [13] | TWP+Ctrl vs Ctrl TWP vs Ctrl | 10/20/40 mg tid; 20/30/40 mg qd; 0.5/1 mg·kg/d; with tapering (partial studies) | Conventional therapy (ACEI/ARB or CTPM) | Dosage regimen | ↓ | ↓ | NR | ↑ | ND | ND | ↑ | Moderate |
Fang J. Y. 2020 [18] | TWP+Ctrl vs Ctrl | 40–80 mg qd; 30 mg bid; 10–20 mg tid; 0.3~0.5 mg·kg bid/tid; 1~2 mg·kg/d tid | ACEI/ARB | Follow-up | ↓ | ↓ | NR | NR | NR | NR | ND | Low |
Wu X. 2020 [16] | TWP+Ctrl vs Ctrl | 10/30/40 mg tid; 0.3~0.5 mg·kg tid; 1 mg·kg/d | ARB | Follow-up | ↓ | ↓ | NR | ↑ | NR | NR | NR | Low |