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Table 1 Summary of key data extracted from documents

From: COVID-19 prevalence and infection control measures at homeless shelters and hostels in high-income countries: a scoping review

Author(s)

Date

Participants

Country

COVID-19 test positivity

IPAC measure(s)

Aranda-Díaz et al. [28]

2021

Shelter residents and staff

USA

Residents

10/393 = 2.5%

Staff

4/232 = 1.7%

Testing

Isolation & quarantine

Arroyo [29]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

PPE

Baggett et al. [30]

2020

Shelter residents

USA

Residents

147/408 = 36%

N/A

N/A

Baggett et al. [12]

2020

Shelter residents

USA

Residents

147/408 = 36%

N/A

N/A

Baggett et al. [31]

2020

Shelter residents

USA

Residents & marginally Housed

429/1297 = 33.1%

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

PPE

Other

Baggett et al. [32]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Physical distancing

Other

Baltimore City Health Department [33]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & Surveillance

Testing

Baral et al. [34]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Food safety

PPE

Other

Barocas et al. [35]

2021

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

PPE

Bond [36]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Isolation & quarantine

California Business Consumer Services and Housing Agency [37]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Food safety

PPE

CNH3 [38]

2020

N/A

Canada

N/A

Isolation & quarantine

PPE

Center on Budget and Policy Priorities et al. [39]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Food safety

PPE

Other

CDC [18]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

PPE

CDC [40]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Food safety

PPE

Other

CDC [41]

2021

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Isolation & quarantine

Chapman et al. [17]

2021

Shelter residents and staff

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Isolation & quarantine

PPE

Chicago Homelessness and Health Response Group For Equity [42]

2020

Shelter residents

USA

Residents

558/2146 = 26%

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Food safety

PPE

Department of Homeless Services [43]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Food safety

Other

Department of Homeless Services [44]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Physical distancing

Food safety

Other

Department of Homeless Services [45]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

PPE

Other

Department of Public Health [46]

2021

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Food safety

PPE

Other

Falvo [47]

2020

N/A

Canada

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

PPE

Other

Gewirtz O’Brien et al. [48]

2021

N/A

Multi-country

N/A

Testing

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

PPE

Other

Ghinai et al. [49]

2020

Shelter residents and staff

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Physical distancing

Other

Government of New Brunswick [50]

2020

N/A

Canada

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Food safety

PPE

Government of New Brunswick [51]

2021

N/A

Canada

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Food safety

PPE

Other

Government of Northwest Territories [52]

2020

N/A

Canada

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Food safety

PPE

Government of Yukon [53]

2020

N/A

Canada

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Imbert et al. [8]

2020

Shelter residents and staff

USA

Residents

101/150 = 67%

Staff

10/60 = 17%

N/A

Jameson [54]

2021

Shelter residents and staff

USA

Residents and Staff Combined Prevalence

Testing Window A: 69/251 = 27.4%

Testing Window B: 20/61 = 32.7%

Testing Window C: 2/188 = 1.1%

Testing Window D: 1/167 = 0.6%

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Cleaning & waste management

Isolation & quarantine

Karb et al. [55]

2020

Shelter residents

USA

Residents

35/399 = 11.7%

Staff

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Physical distancing

Food safety

PPE

Other

Kelly et al. [56]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

PPE

Kiran et al. [11]

2021

Shelter residents

Canada

Residents

69/504 = 13.7%

and 11/496 = 2.2%

Staff

N/A

N/A

Kiran et al. [57]

2020

Shelter residents

Canada

Residents

69/504 = 13.7%

and 11/496 = 2.2%

Staff

N/A

N/A

Lewer et al. [14]

2020

Shelter residents

UK

Incidence is reported

Scenario A: 1888/46565 = 4.1%, Scenario B: 22,933/46565 = 49.3%, Scenario C: 1025/46565 = 6.3%, Scenario D: 12,151/46565 = 30.1%. Scenario E:

8497/46565 = 22.4%. Scenario F: 1754/46565 = 7.8%. Scenario G:

13,320/46565 = 32.7%, Scenario H:

9946/46565 = 25.4%

Testing

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Lindner et al. [58]

2020

Shelter residents

Germany

Residents

0/118 = 0%

Staff

N/A

Testing

London Coronavirus Response Cell [59]

2020

N/A

UK

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Food safety

PPE

Other

Loubière et al. [10]

2021

Shelter residents

France

Residents

65/1156 = 5.6%

Staff

N/A

N/A

Ly et al. [16]

2021

Shelter residents

France

Residents

26/308 = 8.4%

Staff

N/A

N/A

Ly et al. [60]

2021

Shelter residents and staff

France

Residents:

37/441 = 9.0%

Staff

N/A

N/A

Mercy Care [61]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Testing

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

PPE

Ministry of Health [62]

2020

N/A

Canada

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Food safety

PPE

Mohsenpour et al. [19]

2021

Shelter residents and staff

Multi-country

N/A

N/A

Monroe County Shelter Bed Task Group [63]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Food safety

PPE

Mosites et al. [15]

2020

Shelter residents and staff

USA

Residents

Seattle (shelters 1–3) = 31/79 (17%)

Boston = 147/408 (36%)

San Francisco = 95/143 (66%)

Atlanta = 10/249 (4%)

Staff

Seattle (shelters 1–3) = 6/35 (17%)

Seattle shelters 4–15) = 1/106 (1%)

Boston = 15/50 (30%)

San Francisco = 10/63 (16%)

Atlanta 1/59 (2%)

N/A

Mosquera-Bruno [64]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Physical distancing

Food safety

PPE

Other

Murray [65]

2021

N/A

Canada

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Food safety

PPE

Other

National Alliance to End Homelessness [66]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Isolation & quarantine

Other

National Collaborating Center for Methods and Tools [67]

2020

Shelter residents

Multi-country

Residents

Samuels—35/299 = 11.7%

Baggett -147/408 = 36.0%)

Bodkin—1/ 104 = 1.0%

Tobolowsky—31/195 = 18.9%

Staff

Bodkin—7/141 = 5.0%

Tobolowsky—6/38 = 15.8%

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

PPE

National Health Care for the Homeless Council [68]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Food safety

North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services [69]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Food safety

PPE

Other

NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene [70]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Food safety

O’Shea et al. [71]

2021

Shelter Residents And Staff

Canada

Residents

1/104 = 1.0%

Staff

7/141 = 5.0%

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance [72]

2020

N/A

USA

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Food safety

PPE

Other

Public Health Agency of Canada [73]

20,202

N/A

Canada

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

PPE

Other

Public Health England [74]

2021

N/A

UK

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

PPE

Other

Public Health Ontario [75]

2021

N/A

Canada

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Food safety

Other

Ralli et al. [76]

2021

N/A

Multi-country

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Physical distancing

PPE

Other

Ralli et al. [77]

2021

Shelter residents and staff

Italy

Not specified = 2.0%

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Hand & respiratory etiquette

PPE

Ralli et al. [13]

2021

Shelter residents and staff

Italy

Residents and staff combined

12/298 = 4%

N/A

Rao et al. [78]

2021

Staff

USA

Residents

N/A

Staff

16/106 = 15.09%

Testing

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Ppe

Redditt et al. [79]

2020

Shelter residents

Canada

Residents

25/60 = 41.7%

Staff

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Isolation & quarantine

Roederer et al. [80]

2021

Shelter residents

France

Residents

426/818 = 52%

Staff

N/A

N/A

Rogers et al. [81]

2021

Shelter residents and staff

USA

Residents

25/1275 = 1.96%

Staff

4/159 = 2.51%

N/A

Roland et al. [82]

2021

Shelter residents

Belgium

Residents

91/1994 = 4.6%

Staff

N/A

N/A

Samuels et al. [83]

2020

Shelter residents

USA

Residents

35/299 = 11.7%

Staff

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Physical distancing

Food safety

Ppe

Other

Self et al. [84]

2021

Shelter residents and staff

USA

Residents and staff combined

Median prevalence by facility was 2.9% (range = 0–71.4%)

Screening & surveillance

Physical distancing

Other

Tobolowsky et al. [85]

2020

Shelter residents and staff

USA

Residents

35/195 = 18%

Staff

8/38 = 21%

Testing

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Physical distancing

Ppe

Udechukwu et al. [86]

2021

N/A

Multi-country

N/A

Testing

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Vancouver Coastal Health [87]

2020

N/A

Canada

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Hand & respiratory etiquette

Cleaning & waste management

Physical distancing

Isolation & quarantine

Food safety

PPE

Other

Wang et al. [88]

2020

Shelter residents

Canada

Residents

372/10588  = 3.5%

Staff

N/A

N/A

Wang et al. [89]

2020

N/A

Multi-country

N/A

Testing

Physical distancing

Yoon et al. [90]

2020

Shelter residents

USA

Residents

36.1684 = 2.1%

Staff

N/A

Screening & surveillance

Testing

Physical distancing