Table 3 Characteristics of studies included in the development and validation of the model
From: Prediction models for breast cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review and critical appraisal
Author | Modeling method | Predictors in the final model | Model performance | Model presentation | Median follow-up time | Internal validation | External validation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Discrimination (I/E) | Calibration | |||||||
Wei X | Logistic regression | 17 symptoms | ED: AUC = 0.889 (0.840–0.938) LD: AUC = 0.925 (0.883–0.967) | Calibration plot ED: Brier scores = 0.141 LD: Brier scores = 0.098 | Unclear | None | 10-fold cross-validation | None |
Yuan | Logistic regression | Proportion of the arm lymph above the level of axillary vein/BMI/radiotherapy/chemotherapy | AUC 0.829/0.804 | Calibration plot, Hosmer–Lemeshow test | Nomogram | 29 months | Bootstrap | Geographical |
Liu Y F | Logistic regression | Modified radical mastectomy/postsurgical infection/chemotherapy/radiotherapy/exercise of affected arm/level of physical activity per week/BMI | AUC 0.721/0.702 | Calibration plot discrimination | Nomogram | 42 months | None | Geographical |
Hwa Kyung Byun | Cox hazard model | BMI, greater number of dissected/positive nodes, use of chemotherapy/extent of surgery/fractionation/field of RT | C-index and AUC I: 0.774 and 0.750; E: Set1: 0.832 and 0.782; Set2: 0.820 and 0.802 | Calibration plots | Nomogram | 60 months | Bootstrap | Geographical |
Martinez J P | Logistic regression | BMI/postoperative complications/no. of lymph nodes extracted/level of lymph node dissection/lymph node status | AUC 0.68 | None | None | 2 years | 10-fold cross-validation | None |
Li F L | Logistic regression | Type of surgery/type of axillary lymph node surgery/early edema on affected arm/neoadjuvant chemotherapy/radiotherapy/use the affected arm to lift or carry heavy objects suddenly | AUC 0.736 | Hosmer–Lemeshow test | Scoring system | None | None | None |
Kwan J Y Y | Linear regression | Age/BMI/mammographic breast density/number of pathological lymph nodes/axillary lymph node dissection | AUC Mild: 0.72 Severe: 0.83 | None | Equation | 1.1years | 2:1 split. | None |
Gross J P | Logistic regression | BMI/nodes removed/RNI field group | C-index 0.96/0.71 | Calibration plot | Nomogram | None | Bootstrap | Temporal |
Penn I W | Logistic regression | Lymph node metastases/CD | AUC 0.908/- | None | None | 5 years | None | None |
Yang X | Cox hazard model | Radiotherapy/weight increase/no. of dissected axillary nodes/knowledge of lymphedema prevent | C-index Model A: 0.77; model B: 0.73 | Hosmer–Lemeshow test | Nomogram | 3 years | None | None |
Mei R. Fu | Machine learning | Symptoms, individual personal and clinical characteristics, quality of life, self-care strategies | AUC 0.751 | None | None | None | None | None |
Basta M N | Cox hazard model | Age/BMI/invasive cancer diagnosis/postmastectomy radiation/axillary dissection | C-index 0.77 | Hosmer–Lemeshow statistic | Table | 4.2 years | None | None |
Wang L | Logistic regression | Hypertension/surgery on dominant arm/level of ALND/radiotherapy/surgical infection/seroma/early edema | AUC 0.798 | Calibration plot | Additive scoring system | 12 months | Bootstrap | None |
Dou W J | Logistic regression | Level of lymph node dissection/radiotherapy/functional exercise/avoiding strenuous exercise/not lifting weight | AUC 0.815 | Hosmer–Lemeshow statistic | Nomogram | 1 year | None | None |
Li H P | Logistic regression | Tumor site/type of surgical incision/level of axillary lymph node dissection/radiotherapy/no neglect of upper limb or chest edema/avoiding strenuous exercise/avoiding injury | AUC Logistic scoring system: 0.836; additive scoring system: 0.834 | Hosmer–Lemeshow statistic | Additive scoring system | None | None | None |
Kim M | Cox hazard model | Pathologic stage/no. of dissected axillary nodes/adjuvant chemotherapy/radiation therapy | None | None | None | 5.1 years | None | None |
Bevilacqua J L | Cox hazard model | Model 1: age/BMI/neoadjuvant chemotherapy Model 2: age/BMI/neoadjuvant chemotherapy/level of axillary lymph node dissection/radiotherapy Model 3: age/BMI/neoadjuvant chemotherapy/level of axillary lymph node dissection/radiotherapy/seroma/early edema | AUC Model 1:0.706 Model 2: 0.729 Model 3: 0.736 | None | Nomogram | 41 months | Bootstrap | None |